Chapter 6: The Human Body
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Restores blood flow to the ischemic myocardium by placing a stent inside the coronary artery to keep it from narrowing
Impairment of Cellular Metabolism
Results in the inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level
Spleen
Solid organ and Filters blood,
Lymphatic System
Supports the circulatory system and immune system
Foot
- Contains 7 tarsal bones - 5 metatarsal bones form substance of foot - Toes are formed by phalanges
Types of muscles
- Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - Smooth muscle - Cardiac muscle
Wrist and hand
- ball-and-socket joint - principal bones: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Abdomen
- the second major body cavity - Contains major organs of digestion and excretion
Femur
- thigh bone - Connects into the acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by a ball-and-socket joint
Ankle
-A hinge joint -Allows flexion/extension of foot
thyroid cartilage
-Adam's apple
Upper Airway
-Nose -Mouth (oral cavity) -Tongue -Jaw (mandible) -Larynx -Pharynx -Trachea -Esophagus
2.The cartilaginous tip of the sternum is called the: A. costal arch. B. manubrium. C. angle of Louis. D. xiphoid process.
D
Stroke volume
-Amount of blood moved by one beat
Cardiac output
-Amount of blood moved in 1 minute
Pulmonary artery
-Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Heart's Electrical conduction system
-Causes smooth, coordinated contractions -Contractions produce pumping action
Upper Extremities
-Composed of arms, forearms, hands, and fingers
Pulse
-Created by forceful pumping of blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries
Thorax
-Formed by of 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-Involuntary actions: digestion, sweating etc...
Appendicular Skeleton
-Joints -Upper extremities -Pelvis -Lower extremities
Mouth
-Lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue -Salivary glands
Pelvis
-Sacrum -Two pelvic bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
The Axial Skeleton
-Skull -Spinal column -Thorax
The Lymphatic System
-Spleen -Lymph nodes -Lymph -Lymph vessels -Thymus gland
Circulatory System
-Systemic circulation (body) -Pulmonary circulation (lungs)
lower leg
-Tibia (shinbone) -Fibula
lungs are held in place by
-Trachea -Arteries and veins -Pulmonary ligaments
•Somatic nervous system
-Transmits signals from brain to voluntary muscles
Thoracic number of vertebrae
12
person said to be obese when they are ___ over ideal weight
30%
Coccyx number of vertebrae
4
How many vertebrae in the Cervical
5
Lumbar number of vertebae
5
Sacrum number of vertebrae
5
Normal resting heart rate
60 -100 beats/min.
Temp when patients loss ability to shiver
90 F
Retroperitoneal
Paralysis of the bowel
Allergic Reaction
an exaggerated immune response to any substance
Test of short term memory
correctly answer questions regarding date and event
-Hinge joint
•Motion restricted to flexion and extension
Digestive System
•Mouth •Oropharynx •Esophagus •Stomach •Pancreas •Liver •Small intestine •Large intestine •Appendix •Rectum
Pharynx
•Nasopharynx •Oropharynx •Laryngopharynx
Veins
•Return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart
peritoneum
A membrane that lines the abdomen
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen
Aura
A sense of warning experienced prior to an event
Cholinergic
An agent that overstimulates body functions controlled by parasympathetic nerves
Topographic Anatomy
Applies to the body in the anatomic position
Thromboembolism
Blood clot floating in blood vassals that eventually blocks an artery
1.Which of the following are found in the retroperitoneal space? A. Liver B. Spleen C. Kidneys D. Stomach
C
Motor Nerves
Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
spinal column
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5), Coccyx (4)
Diaphoretic
Characterized by profuse sweating.
The Urinary System
Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys
Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.
Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Diabetesmellitus
Endocrine related
Trachea
Ends at carina, dividing into right and left bronchi leading to bronchioles
Respiratory System
Function is to provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
Diverticulitis
Gastrointestinal related
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Gynecologic related
Stridor
Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages
Hemaphillia
Hematologic related
Wheezing
High pitched sound heard in the lungs with asthmatics or lung disease, possible blockage of the airway
Medicolegal
Relating to law or forensic medicine
V/Q ratio (ventilation/perfusion)
How much gas is being moved effectively and How much blood is flowing
Beta-I Receptors
Increase the heart rate and contractility occurs due to stimulation these receptors
Hypercarbia
Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream.
Sickle Cell Disease
Inherited disease that affects red blood cells
Urinary System
Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder
Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
Sensory nerves
Nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
Shock
Occurs when organs and tissue do not receive enough oxygen
Hypoglycemia will often present with
Pale, cool, clammy skin
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Patient with altered mental status, high glucose and deep, rapid breathing
Pancreas
Produces insulin
Forearm consists
Radius on lateral side Ulna on medial side
minute volume
Respiratory rate × tidal volume
Abnormalities in metabolism are most likely due to
The Thyroid Gland
Postictal State
The period following a seizure that includes labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status.
Adsorption
The process of binding or sticking to a surface.
Capillaries
•Connect arterioles to venules •Fine end divisions of arterial system •Allow contact between blood and cells
Pleura
a layer of smooth, glistening tissue that covers each lung and lines the chest cavity
Pleural Effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, outside the lungs
Ventilation
air movement into and out of the lungs.
Tidal volume
amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath
Anticholinergic
blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses
Lobes contain
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
inferior vena cava
carries blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities
superior vena cava
carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities
Arteries
carry blood oxygenated from the heart to all body tissues
Parts of the Brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem
Hormone
chemical produced by a gland that regulates body organs
Perfusion
circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells
Shoulder girdle
clavicle, scapula, humerus
Tendons
connect(s) muscles to bones.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord
The Genital System
•Controls reproductive processes
Thoracic cavity
•Heart •Lungs •Esophagus •Great vessels
The Heart
•Hollow muscular organ that is approximately the size of an adult's clenched fist
Infarction
death of tissue
Muscles of breathing
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Layers of the skin
epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deeper)
Respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
fight or flight
A patient with high BP, their skin will present
flushed and red
Thoracic cavity holds
heart and lungs and great vessels
Systolic blood pressure
high point of wave
Pediatric patient breathing 12 breather per minute is categorized as
immediate
Cricoid cartilage
immediately below the thyroid cartilage
Aphasia
inability to speak
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
Adenosine triphosphate
is used to store energy.
Systole
left ventricle of the heart contracts, it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta
Diastolic blood pressure
low point of wave
Urticaria
multiple raised areas on the skin that itch or burn
Diastole
muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood.
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart
Diffusion
oxygen molecules move from areas with a higher concentration to areas of lower oxygen concentration
Referred Pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
Dead space
portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli
Wheal
raised, swollen area on skin resulting from an insect bite or allergic reaction
Right Side of Heart
receives deoxygenated blood from the veins
Left Side of the Heart
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Sympathetic nervous system
responsible for fight-or-flight response: control adrenaline (epinephrine) to control heart and blood vessels
Parasympathetic nervous system
slows body down
Pathophysiology
study of functional changes that occur when body reacts to disease
Leukotriene
substance made by the body that is released in anaphylaxis
Thrombophilia
tendency to develop blood clots
Residual volume
the gas that remains in the lungs to keep the lungs open
Respiratory compromise
the inability of the body to move gas effectively
Digestion
the processing of food that nourishes the cells
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Integumentary System
the skin, largest organ in body
retroperitoneal space
the space behind the abdominal cavity
Lower Extremities
thigh, leg, foot
Lymph
thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and waste products away
What is the function of the upper airway
to warm and humidify the inhaled air
Left lung has how many lobes?
upper and lower lobes
The right lung has how many lobes?
upper, middle, and lower lobes
Hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body
Leukocytes
white blood cells, fight infection
Endocrine System
• Complex message and control system • Integrates many body functions • Hormones release
Ball-and-socket
•Allows rotation and bending