Chapter 6: The Human Body

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Restores blood flow to the ischemic myocardium by placing a stent inside the coronary artery to keep it from narrowing

Impairment of Cellular Metabolism

Results in the inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level

Spleen

Solid organ and Filters blood,

Lymphatic System

Supports the circulatory system and immune system

Foot

- Contains 7 tarsal bones - 5 metatarsal bones form substance of foot - Toes are formed by phalanges

Types of muscles

- Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - Smooth muscle - Cardiac muscle

Wrist and hand

- ball-and-socket joint - principal bones: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Abdomen

- the second major body cavity - Contains major organs of digestion and excretion

Femur

- thigh bone - Connects into the acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by a ball-and-socket joint

Ankle

-A hinge joint -Allows flexion/extension of foot

thyroid cartilage

-Adam's apple

Upper Airway

-Nose -Mouth (oral cavity) -Tongue -Jaw (mandible) -Larynx -Pharynx -Trachea -Esophagus

2.The cartilaginous tip of the sternum is called the: A. costal arch. B. manubrium. C. angle of Louis. D. xiphoid process.

D

Stroke volume

-Amount of blood moved by one beat

Cardiac output

-Amount of blood moved in 1 minute

Pulmonary artery

-Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Heart's Electrical conduction system

-Causes smooth, coordinated contractions -Contractions produce pumping action

Upper Extremities

-Composed of arms, forearms, hands, and fingers

Pulse

-Created by forceful pumping of blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries

Thorax

-Formed by of 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

-Involuntary actions: digestion, sweating etc...

Appendicular Skeleton

-Joints -Upper extremities -Pelvis -Lower extremities

Mouth

-Lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue -Salivary glands

Pelvis

-Sacrum -Two pelvic bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

The Axial Skeleton

-Skull -Spinal column -Thorax

The Lymphatic System

-Spleen -Lymph nodes -Lymph -Lymph vessels -Thymus gland

Circulatory System

-Systemic circulation (body) -Pulmonary circulation (lungs)

lower leg

-Tibia (shinbone) -Fibula

lungs are held in place by

-Trachea -Arteries and veins -Pulmonary ligaments

•Somatic nervous system

-Transmits signals from brain to voluntary muscles

Thoracic number of vertebrae

12

person said to be obese when they are ___ over ideal weight

30%

Coccyx number of vertebrae

4

How many vertebrae in the Cervical

5

Lumbar number of vertebae

5

Sacrum number of vertebrae

5

Normal resting heart rate

60 -100 beats/min.

Temp when patients loss ability to shiver

90 F

Retroperitoneal

Paralysis of the bowel

Allergic Reaction

an exaggerated immune response to any substance

Test of short term memory

correctly answer questions regarding date and event

-Hinge joint

•Motion restricted to flexion and extension

Digestive System

•Mouth •Oropharynx •Esophagus •Stomach •Pancreas •Liver •Small intestine •Large intestine •Appendix •Rectum

Pharynx

•Nasopharynx •Oropharynx •Laryngopharynx

Veins

•Return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart

peritoneum

A membrane that lines the abdomen

Pulmonary Embolism

Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot

Ischemia

Lack of oxygen

Aura

A sense of warning experienced prior to an event

Cholinergic

An agent that overstimulates body functions controlled by parasympathetic nerves

Topographic Anatomy

Applies to the body in the anatomic position

Thromboembolism

Blood clot floating in blood vassals that eventually blocks an artery

1.Which of the following are found in the retroperitoneal space? A. Liver B. Spleen C. Kidneys D. Stomach

C

Motor Nerves

Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

spinal column

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5), Coccyx (4)

Diaphoretic

Characterized by profuse sweating.

The Urinary System

Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Diabetesmellitus

Endocrine related

Trachea

Ends at carina, dividing into right and left bronchi leading to bronchioles

Respiratory System

Function is to provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

Diverticulitis

Gastrointestinal related

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Gynecologic related

Stridor

Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages

Hemaphillia

Hematologic related

Wheezing

High pitched sound heard in the lungs with asthmatics or lung disease, possible blockage of the airway

Medicolegal

Relating to law or forensic medicine

V/Q ratio (ventilation/perfusion)

How much gas is being moved effectively and How much blood is flowing

Beta-I Receptors

Increase the heart rate and contractility occurs due to stimulation these receptors

Hypercarbia

Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream.

Sickle Cell Disease

Inherited disease that affects red blood cells

Urinary System

Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder

Hypoxia

Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood

Sensory nerves

Nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal cord and brain.

Shock

Occurs when organs and tissue do not receive enough oxygen

Hypoglycemia will often present with

Pale, cool, clammy skin

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Patient with altered mental status, high glucose and deep, rapid breathing

Pancreas

Produces insulin

Forearm consists

Radius on lateral side Ulna on medial side

minute volume

Respiratory rate × tidal volume

Abnormalities in metabolism are most likely due to

The Thyroid Gland

Postictal State

The period following a seizure that includes labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status.

Adsorption

The process of binding or sticking to a surface.

Capillaries

•Connect arterioles to venules •Fine end divisions of arterial system •Allow contact between blood and cells

Pleura

a layer of smooth, glistening tissue that covers each lung and lines the chest cavity

Pleural Effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, outside the lungs

Ventilation

air movement into and out of the lungs.

Tidal volume

amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath

Anticholinergic

blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses

Lobes contain

bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

inferior vena cava

carries blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities

superior vena cava

carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities

Arteries

carry blood oxygenated from the heart to all body tissues

Parts of the Brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

Hormone

chemical produced by a gland that regulates body organs

Perfusion

circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells

Shoulder girdle

clavicle, scapula, humerus

Tendons

connect(s) muscles to bones.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord

The Genital System

•Controls reproductive processes

Thoracic cavity

•Heart •Lungs •Esophagus •Great vessels

The Heart

•Hollow muscular organ that is approximately the size of an adult's clenched fist

Infarction

death of tissue

Muscles of breathing

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Layers of the skin

epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deeper)

Respiration

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

fight or flight

A patient with high BP, their skin will present

flushed and red

Thoracic cavity holds

heart and lungs and great vessels

Systolic blood pressure

high point of wave

Pediatric patient breathing 12 breather per minute is categorized as

immediate

Cricoid cartilage

immediately below the thyroid cartilage

Aphasia

inability to speak

Peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

Adenosine triphosphate

is used to store energy.

Systole

left ventricle of the heart contracts, it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta

Diastolic blood pressure

low point of wave

Urticaria

multiple raised areas on the skin that itch or burn

Diastole

muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood.

Atherosclerotic Heart Disease

narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart

Diffusion

oxygen molecules move from areas with a higher concentration to areas of lower oxygen concentration

Referred Pain

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

Dead space

portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli

Wheal

raised, swollen area on skin resulting from an insect bite or allergic reaction

Right Side of Heart

receives deoxygenated blood from the veins

Left Side of the Heart

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Sympathetic nervous system

responsible for fight-or-flight response: control adrenaline (epinephrine) to control heart and blood vessels

Parasympathetic nervous system

slows body down

Pathophysiology

study of functional changes that occur when body reacts to disease

Leukotriene

substance made by the body that is released in anaphylaxis

Thrombophilia

tendency to develop blood clots

Residual volume

the gas that remains in the lungs to keep the lungs open

Respiratory compromise

the inability of the body to move gas effectively

Digestion

the processing of food that nourishes the cells

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Integumentary System

the skin, largest organ in body

retroperitoneal space

the space behind the abdominal cavity

Lower Extremities

thigh, leg, foot

Lymph

thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and waste products away

What is the function of the upper airway

to warm and humidify the inhaled air

Left lung has how many lobes?

upper and lower lobes

The right lung has how many lobes?

upper, middle, and lower lobes

Hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body

Leukocytes

white blood cells, fight infection

Endocrine System

• Complex message and control system • Integrates many body functions • Hormones release

Ball-and-socket

•Allows rotation and bending