Chapter 6: Visual Memory
Explain the importance and function of the primary visual cortex.
It is the first area in the occipital cortex that processes visual images.
The ______ (abbreviation) is an area of the occipital lobe that has been identified as crucial to face recognition.
OFA
Explain Hemifield neglect.
Patients ignore one half of the visual world due to damage to the right parietal lobe.
Define prosopagnosia and what areas of the brain it is associated with.
A congenital deficit in face recognition affecting the FFA in the inferior-temporal cortex.
Explain the relationship of analog representation to propositional representation.
Analog representation means storing visual images in a manner similar to actual pictures while propositional representation stores visual images in terms of a language- like code.
Explain the term "cognitive maps" as they relate to spatial representation.
Cognitive maps are mental representations of the external world based on our spatial representation of the world.
______ imagery is also called photographic memory.
Eidetic
Analog representations are in a language-like code.
F
Cognitive maps are mental representations of the internal world.
F
FFA is a part of the occipital lobe.
F
Hemifield neglect is an affect whereby the patient has a full world understanding of the visual world.
F
Photographic memory is based only on factual information.
F
Primary visual cortex is the rear area of the occipital cortex processing pictures.
F
Propositional representation is analog representation.
F
Prosopagnosia is analog representation.
F
Is photographic memory a reality or a fantasy?
Fantasy. These are strong visual memories that have a strong feeling of images and not a photograph. It is also called eidetic imagery.
______ representation essentially means that visual images are stored in a language-like code.
Propositional
______ is an acquired deficit in the FFA caused by brain injury.
Prosopagnosia
______ categories states that meaning affects cognitive maps.
Semantic
Eidetic imagery is the same as photographic memory.
T
Methods of loci use visual imagery to associate a list of new items with a series of well-known physical locations.
T
Own-Race bias means that people are better at recognizing members of their own race.
T
Semantic categories affect our cognitive maps by meaning.
T
Shepard and Metzler proved that representation is analog.
T
The FFA is part of the inferior-temporal cortex.
T
The occipital cortex is the primary area for processing visual images.
T
Describe how bizarre imagery works and give one example.
The forming of strange visual images based on to-be-learned information to achieve strong memory for that information.
Explain the Shepard and Metzler's (1971) mental rotation experiment.
Visual imagery experiment showed that representation is analog.
Explain and give one example of Method of Loci.
Visual imagery is used to associate a list of new items with a series of well-known physical locations.
How does giving a verbal description of a face affect memory for that face? a. It depends on how memory is tested. b. It improves memory performance. c. It impairs memory performance. d. Faces show the greatest interference of any type of memory stimulus.
a
In a study on cognitive maps, Tom and Tversky (2012) showed: a. distinctive street names were the most helpful in remembering a route from one place to another. b. street names using a logical grid of numbers were the most helpful in remembering a route from one place to another. c. people were biased in remembering street names that were already familiar. d. street names that were chosen because of characteristic landmarks reduced distortion due to cognitive categories.
a
Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser (1978) showed participants a map of an imaginary island. They found: a. response time from getting the imaginary dot from place A to place B was longer if the two locations were further away on the map. b. responses times were always faster for items to the east on the map. c. response times were faster when the maps themselves were not imaginary. d. participants could seldom maintain an image in working memory.
a
Line-up identifications involve: a. presenting the target face along with a series of distractor faces. b. presenting only the target face and the witness must decide if that was the person seen earlier. c. requiring the participant to generate an image of the target face. d. requiring the participant to describe the target face.
a
Most evidence on "photographic" memory shows that: a. memory errors in these cases are based on meaning not visual confusions. b. most cases demonstrate "black and white" images and not color memory. c. it can be facilitated by constant practice. d. memory errors in these cases are based on visual confusions.
a
Primary visual cortex is: a. the first area in the cerebral cortex that receives input from the retina of the eye. b. properly speaking, part of the retina. c. the area in the lateral geniculate nucleus responsible for motion perception. d. the area in the brain that is responsible for visual memory.
a
Propositional representation means that: a. the cognitive representation of images is stored in an abstract language-like code. b. the cognitive representation of images is stored as a picture in a visual format. c. the cognitive representation of images is stored in episodic memory only. d. the cognitive representation of images is stored in olfactory form.
a
Research shows that: a. the method of loci is applicable to helping older adults remember. b. the method of loci is not applicable to helping older adults remember. c. the method of loci is functionally equivalent to the peg-word method. d. multiple loci can benefit recognition but not recall.
a
Shepard and Metzler were interested in examining if: a. determining if representation was analog. b. people were faster at rotating objects than imagining them. c. visual memory was housed in the parietal lobe. d. propositional codes could explain ambiguous figures.
a
Show-up identifications involve: a. presenting the target face along with a series of distractor faces. b. presenting only the target face and the witness must decide if that was the person seen earlier. c. requiring the participant to generate an image of the target face. d. requiring the participant to describe the target face.
a
Slotnick et al. (2012) used fMRI to examine the brains of participants while comparing visual-memory judgments and visual-imagery judgments. They found that: a. they could compare the neural patterns associated with focusing on memory and the neural patterns associated with focusing on imagery. b. there were no differences between visual-memory judgments and visual-imagery judgments. c. visual memory elicited more activity in the lumbar cortex than did visual imagery. d. fMRI is useless in resolving visual imagery issues.
a
The patients studied by Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978) showed: a. hemifield neglect in his visual imagery. b. an inability form visual images. c. deficits in his visual working memory. d. no brain damage whatsoever, despite his functional deficit.
a
Verbal facilitation occurs in: a. show-ups. b. line-ups. c. hemifield neglect. d. grow-ups.
a
What is the chief deficit in prosopagnosia? a. difficulties recognizing faces b. difficulties with cognitive maps c. difficulties recalling eyewitness events d. difficulties with all aspects of visual memory
a
Which imagery technique dates all the way back to the ancient Greeks 2500 years ago? a. the method of loci b. the savings method c. the key word method d. the peg word method
a
Cognitive maps are:
a. mental representations that guide our metacognition. b. physical maps that are based on what we know about cognition. c. the physical maps that participants use to generate imagery. d. mental representations of the external world.
Nickerson and Adams (1979) asked people to recognize the "real" penny (i.e., how an actually penny appears) from a number of close distractors. They found that:
a. people show good memory for pennies because they are familiar objects. b. their study was flawed because most of their participants did not have much experience with money. c. only those participants with strong visual imagery confused the penny with the nickel. d. participants had a difficult time recognizing the correct penny among the distractors.
______ representation means that we store visual images like pictures.
analog
Analog representation means that: a. the cognitive representation of images is stored in an abstract language-like code. b. the cognitive representation of images is stored as a picture in a visual format. c. the cognitive representation of images is stored in episodic memory only. d. the cognitive representation of images is stored in olfactory form.
b
Brooks (1968) asked participants to imagine a letter, such as "T," in their mind's eye and then were asked to make decisions about the angles in that letter. He found that: a. responding on the task was difficult because it taxed visual memory. b. responding on the task using pointing was more difficult than speaking. c. participants could only complete the task in a quiet room. d. participants were faster in the task when the letters had been primed.
b
Cross-race bias refers to: a. that people cannot remember faces of other races. b. that people remember faces of their own racial group better than faces of other racial groups. c. that people remember faces of other racial group better than faces of their own racial groups. d. a bias that cannot be measured in memory research.
b
Friedman et al. (2012) had American and Canadian college students examine maps of California and Alberta. Either the maps were marked only with dots and not marked with city names or the maps were marked with dots and the city names associated with the state or province. The results of their study: a. refuted years of research on cognitive maps. b. were consistent with a view in which cognitive maps are influenced by semantic categories. c. showed that dot distance was not a identifiable feature of semantic memory. d. none of the above.
b
In which technique does the learner associates a list of new to-be-learned items with a series of well-known physical locations, using visual imagery? a. acronyms b. the method of loci c. the link word method d. bizarre imagery
b
Megreya, Memon, and Havard (2012) showed that Egyptian participants were more accurate at identifying female faces when those women were wearing headscarves, but that: a. older Egyptian men could not recognize women's faces at all. b. British participants were better at recognizing women's faces without headscarves. c. there was a face by ethnicity interaction. d. all of the above are true.
b
Meissner and others research shows that, with respect to the cross-race bias effect, a. the cross-race bias is largest when participants are tested in a racially charged environment. b. minority groups are better at recognizing faces of the majority group than the majority group is at recognizing faces of minority groups. c. majority groups are better at recognizing faces of the minority group than the minority group is at recognizing faces of majority groups. d. the cross-race bias is only apparent in American society.
b
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the inferior-temporal cortex is: a. only active when familiar faces are being examined. b. an important region in the recognition of faces. c. only active when people are describing faces in a verbal format. d. an important region in forming cognitive maps.
b
Wang and Thomas found that at a five minute delay, which technique led to stronger encoding? a. elaborative b. key word c. method of loci d. method of limits
b
Which is an example of the influence of semantic categories on cognitive maps? a. We judge Cleveland to be further away from Toledo than it actually is because both are in the state of Ohio. b. We judge Vancouver to be further away from Seattle because they are in different nations. c. We judge Detroit to be a larger city than it is because we have heard a lot about it in the news. d. We judge New York to be further away from Boston that it actually is because there is so much traffic between the two cities.
b
fMRI studies, such as those conducted by Slotnick et al (2012), show that: a. the occipital lobe is not critical in visual imagery. b. the occipital lobe is activated during visual memory tasks. c. the parietal lobe has secondary auditory functions. d. the junction between the occipital and frontal lobe is critical in both visual imagery and visual memory.
b
Damage to the FFA results in a neuropsychological condition is called: a. hemifield neglect. b. anterior amnesia. c. prosopagnosia. d. transcortical aphasia.
c
In which technique does the learner associates a list of new to-be-learned items with a series of well-known physical locations, using visual imagery? a. acronyms b. the method of loci c. the link word method d. bizarre imagery
c
It is difficult to measure recall with visual memory because: a. the encoding process does not store information in a visual format. b. recall is always more difficult than implicit memory measures. c. it is difficult for most participants to produce or describe the contents of visual memory. d. visual memory is recoded as verbal memory.
c
Patient DQ has difficulty recognizing faces, even those of close family members, even though he can recognize them by voice. Your diagnosis? a. temporal lobe amnesia b. hemifield neglect c. prosopagnosia d. auditory transaphasia
c
Patient JB recently suffered a stroke, which affected the FFA of his temporal lobe. What deficit might you expect? a. unilateral neglect b. imagery neglect c. prosopagnosia d. color amnesia
c
Shepard and Metzler measured the amount of time it took for participants to come to a decision of same versus different as a function of the degrees of difference between the two figures in a pair. They found that: a. reaction times were always equivalent, supporting the propositional view. b. reaction times were inversely proportional to the weighting of each figure in visual memory. c. the more the two figures were rotated away from each other, the more time it took participants to make their decisions. d. same judgments were always faster than different judgments.
c
The Shepard and Metzler experiment has become a classic supporting the: a. propositional theory of imagery. b. the supplemental theory of imagery. c. the analog theory of imagery. d. the episodic theory of imagery.
c
What best summarizes the effects of verbal descriptions on eyewitness identification? a. Verbal descriptions help eyewitness identifications, but only if the verbal descriptions are accurate. b. Verbal descriptions interfere with eyewitness identifications because they force participants to focus on irrelevant details. c. Verbal descriptions help when the witness has to make an absolute judgment, but hurt when the witness must make a relative judgment. d. Verbal descriptions are irrelevant to eyewitness memory because they are encoded by systems that differ from that which encodes visual information.
c
Wollen, Weber, and Lowry (1972) asked participants to use bizarre interactive imagery in the learning of new paired associates, such as piano-cigar. They found that: a. bizarre imagery was distracting and led to poor performance. b. bizarre imagery led to bad dreams later in the day. c. the interacting images, even if not bizarre, led to the best memory recall relative to non-interacting images or rote encoding. d. rote encoding led to the best memory performance.
c
Hemifield neglect is: a. the functional deficit that occurs when the occipital lobe is damaged. b. a condition in which patients lose their ability to remember the color of common objects. c. the functional deficit that occurs when primary visual cortex is damaged. d. a condition in which patients ignore one half of the visual world.
d
In a line-up, participants make ______ judgments, whereas in a show-up, they make ______ judgments. a. episodic; semantic b. analog; propositional c. accurate; inaccurate d. relative; absolute
d
Kosslyn (1975) asked people to make visual images such as a rabbit next to an elephant. He showed that: a. people could not make the side-by-side comparisons. b. visual imagery alone was insufficient for the task. c. participants were slower when an auditory distraction was also present. d. speeded judgments of the characteristics of images were affected by the size of the imagined object.
d
Russell, Duchaine, and Nakayama (2009) identified several "super-recognizers," people whose ability to recognize and discriminate faces were several standard deviations above the norm. What else did they observe about these people? a. Despite their good performance on faces, on other tasks, their performance was sub- standard. b. They were above normal at recognizing common objects as well. c. Their ability to recognize faces was correlated with a strong phonological loop system. d. When faces were displayed up-side down, they lost some of their exceptional ability.
d
Sequential line-ups are also known as: a. simultaneous line-ups. b. ID blocks. c. recognition units. d. show-ups.
d
Shepard and Metzler varied the orientation of one picture relative to the other. That is, in some cases, they were perfectly aligned, but in other sets, they were as much as 180 degrees off from each other. They then asked participants to determine if the figures were identical. They then measured: a. whether the participant could recall the figure later. b. if one figure implicitly influenced the perception of the other. c. if propositional codes were actually analog. d. how long it took participants to decide if the figures were identical.
d
Studies show that: a. eidetic imagery is a practiced skill. b. eidetic imagery bears no relationship to "photographic memory." c. eidetic imagery is responsible for visual learning in all people. d. eidetic imagery is more common in young children than adults.
d
Unlike the other visual mnemonics, the pegword technique also incorporates: a. the analog technique. b. visual interference. c. prosopagnosia. d. auditory rhyming.
d
Verbal overshadowing occurs with: a. show-ups because the participant makes an absolute judgment. b. show-ups because the participant makes a relative judgment. c. line-ups because the participant makes an absolute judgment. d. line-ups because the participant makes a relative judgment.
d
Which is considered a definition of visual imagery? a. the production of Shepard-Metzler analogs b. the latent retention interval of a visual experience c. visual images are ephemeral and cannot be defined d. the experience of retrieving a memory that is mostly visual or experienced primarily as a sensory experience
d
Which of the following statements are true about learning and cognitive maps? a. Cognitive maps are invariably distorted so much that we should not use them. b. Cognitive maps are selectively impaired in prosopagnosia. c. Cognitive maps can be studied using Shepard-Metzler techniques. d. Remembering directions is better when there were distinctive streets and landmarks than when there were neither.
d
The ______ face area is a part of the inferior-tempeoral cortex
fusiform
______ neglect has deficits in both visual attention and attention in visual imagery.
hemifield
The ______ technique involves creating an image that links two items in memory.
keyword
A major issue in visual imagery is the nature of ______.
representation
