Chapter 6 WordBank

11. Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

18. Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

25. Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

Taste aversion

35. Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

19. Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

Vicarious punishment

7. Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

21. Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

20. In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

3. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

27. Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

46. What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Ex. The rat pressing the lever to turn off a light

16. Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

5. You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

40. Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpedtly run out of gas during your morning commute

24. Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

31. Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a

15. When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

12. In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

49. Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical to induce fear in a child since it is harmful to induce fear

38. Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observves bronwyn getting spanked for spittin out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots

47. According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

10. In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

33. Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Every time Sara types 30 words, she earns a break from work

9. In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

Higher order

26. Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

Instincts

1. Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

42. What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can kearn new behaviors by observing others

45. Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

29. Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

23. In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

32. Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

2. If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

17. Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

22. Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

6. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

44. What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

37. Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

14. ________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

pimary

13. Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

30. In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

43. If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character for taking violent action against another character.

39. Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

36. Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

Cognitive map

4. To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS+UCS;continuous

8. Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

34. Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

41. What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be conditioned response

48. What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response

50. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning

28. Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction