Chapter 61: Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction

Cerebral edema peaks at which time point after intracranial surgery? 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours

24 hours Cerebral edema tends to peak 24 to 36 hours after surgery.

A nurse assesses the patient's LOC using the Glasgow Coma Scale. What score indicates severe impairment of neurologic function? 6 3 9 12

3 LOC, a sensitive indicator of neurologic function, is assessed based on the criteria in the Glasgow Coma Scale: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response (Barlow, 2012). The patient's responses are rated on a scale from 3 to 15. A score of 3 indicates severe impairment of neurologic function, brain death, or pharmacologic inhibition of the neurologic response. A score of 15 indicates that the patient is fully responsive (see Chapter 68).

Which value indicates a normal intracranial pressure (ICP)? 5 mm Hg 17 mm Hg 20 mm Hg 27 mm Hg

5 mm Hg ICP is usually measured in the lateral ventricles. Pressure measuring 0 to 10 mm Hg is considered normal. The other values are incorrect.

A client with a head injury is being monitored for increased intracranial pressure (ICP). His blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg and the ICP is 18 mm Hg; therefore his cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is: 52 mm Hg. 48 mm Hg. 68 mm Hg. 88 mm Hg.

52 mm Hg. To determine CPP, subtract the ICP from the mean arterial pressure (MAP). The MAP is derived using the following formula using the diastolic pressure (DP) and systolic pressure (SP): MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP) In this case MAP = 60 mm Hg + 1/3(90 mm Hg - 60 mm Hg) = 70 mm Hg CPP = MAP - ICP CPP = 70 mm Hg - 18 mm Hg = 52 mm Hg

The nurse is caring for a client hospitalized with a severe exacerbation of myasthenia gravis. When administering medications to this client, what is a priority nursing action? Assess client's reaction to new medication schedule. Administer medications at exact intervals ordered. Give client plenty of fluids with medications. Document medication given and dose.

Administer medications at exact intervals ordered. The nurse must administer medications at the exact intervals ordered to maintain therapeutic blood levels and prevent symptoms from returning. Assessing the client's reaction, documenting medication and dose, and giving the client plenty of fluids are not the priority nursing action for this client.

A client is transferred to the intensive care unit after evacuation of a subdural hematoma. Which nursing intervention reduces the client's risk of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? Administering a stool softener as ordered Suctioning the client once each shift Elevating the head of the bed 90 degrees Encouraging oral fluid intake

Administering a stool softener as ordered To prevent the client from straining at stool, which may cause a Valsalva maneuver that increases ICP, the nurse should institute a regular bowel program that includes use of a stool softener. For a client at risk for increased ICP, the nurse should prevent, not encourage, oral fluid intake and should elevate the head of the bed only 30 degrees. Suctioning, indicated for a client with lung congestion, isn't necessary for this client.

A client is admitted to an acute care facility after an episode of status epilepticus. After the client is stabilized, which factor is most beneficial in determining the potential cause of the episode? Compliance with the prescribed medication regimen Recent weight gain and loss Recent stress level The type of anticonvulsant prescribed to manage the epileptic condition

Compliance with the prescribed medication regimen The most common cause of status epilepticus is sudden withdraw of anticonvulsant therapy

A client was running along an ocean pier, tripped on an elevated area of the decking, and struck his head on the pier railing. According to his friends, "He was unconscious briefly and then became alert and behaved as though nothing had happened." Shortly afterward, he began complaining of a headache and asked to be taken to the emergency department. If the client's intracranial pressure (ICP) is increasing, the nurse should expect to observe which sign first? Declining level of consciousness (LOC) Pupillary asymmetry Involuntary posturing Irregular breathing pattern

Declining level of consciousness (LOC) With a brain injury such as an epidural hematoma (a likely diagnosis, based on this client's symptoms), the initial sign of increasing ICP is a change in LOC. As neurologic deterioration progresses, manifestations involving pupillary symmetry, breathing patterns, and posturing will occur.

A client with a brain tumor is complaining of a headache upon awakening. Which nursing action would the nurse take first? Administer morning dose of anticonvulsant. Administer Percocet as ordered. Complete a head-to-toe assessment. Elevate the head of the bed.

Elevate the head of the bed. The first action would be to elevate the head of the bed to promote venous drainage of blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Then, a neurological assessment would be completed to determine if any other assessment findings are significant of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). The administering of routine ordered drugs is not a priority, and narcotic analgesics would be avoided in clients with ICP issues.

The nurse is educating a patient with a seizure disorder. What nutritional approach for seizure management would be beneficial for this patient? High in protein and low in carbohydrate Low in fat At least 50% carbohydrate Restricts protein to 10% of daily caloric intake

High in protein and low in carbohydrate A dietary intervention, referred to as the ketogenic diet, may be helpful for control of seizures in some patients. This high-protein, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet is most effective in children whose seizures have not been controlled with two antiseizure medications, but it is sometimes used for adults who have had poor seizure control (Mosek, Natour, Neufeld, et al., 2009).

The nurse is caring for a patient postoperatively after intracranial surgery for the treatment of a subdural hematoma. The nurse observes an increase in the patient's blood pressure from the baseline and a decrease in the heart rate from 86 to 54. The patient has crackles in the bases of the lungs. What does the nurse suspect is occurring? Infection Increase in cerebral perfusion pressure Increased ICP Exacerbation of uncontrolled hypertension

Increased ICP Increased ICP and bleeding are life threatening to the patient who has undergone intracranial surgery. An increase in blood pressure and decrease in pulse with respiratory failure may indicate increased ICP.

The nurse is caring for a client with a ventriculostomy. Which assessment finding demonstrates effectiveness of the ventriculostomy? The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is equal to the intracranial pressure (ICP). Increased ICP is 12 mm Hg. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is 21 mm Hg. The pupils are dilated and fixed.

Increased ICP is 12 mm Hg. A ventriculostomy is used to continuously measure ICP and allows cerebral spinal fluid to drain, especially during a period of increased ICP. The normal ICP is 0 to 15 mm Hg, so ICP measured at 12 mm Hg would demonstrate the effectiveness of the ventriculostomy. Dilated and fixed pupils are not a normal assessment finding and would not indicate an improvement in the neurologic system. Cerebral circulation ceases if the ICP is equal to the MAP. Normal CPP is 70 to 100. A CPP reading less than 50 is consistent with irreversible neurologic damage.

A client is exhibiting signs of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). Which intravenous solution (IV) would the nurse anticipate hanging? Dextrose 5% in water (D5W) Lactated Ringer's One-third normal saline (0.33% NSS) Half-normal saline (0.45% NSS)

Lactated Ringer's With increasing ICP, isotonic normal saline, lactated Ringer's, or hypertonic (3%) saline solutions are used to decrease swelling in the brain cells. D5W, 0.45% NSS, and 0.33% NSS are all hypotonic solutions that will move more fluid into the cells, worsening the ICP.

A client is brought to the emergency department with multiple fractures. Which assessment finding would be most significant in determining the client has also suffered a closed head injury with rising intracranial pressure? Blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg Nausea Lethargy Periorbital edema

Lethargy Decreasing level of consciousness is one of the earliest signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Without a baseline for the blood pressure, it is difficult to determine whether this is a significant change for this client. Vomiting (usually without forewarning of nausea) when associated with a head injury suggests increasing ICP. Periorbital edema is more suggestive of fluid overload than ICP.

When educating a patient about the use of antiseizure medication, what should the nurse inform the patient is a result of long-term use of the medication in women? Anemia Obesity Osteoporosis Osteoarthritis

Osteoporosis Because of bone loss associated with the long-term use of antiseizure medications, patients receiving antiseizure agents should be assessed for low bone mass and osteoporosis. They should be instructed about strategies to reduce their risks of osteoporosis (AANN, 2009).

A patient is admitted to the hospital for management of an extrapyramidal disorder. Included in the physician's admitting orders are the medications levodopa, benztropine, and selegiline. The nurse knows that most likely, the client has a diagnosis of: Parkinson disease. multiple sclerosis. seizure disorder. Huntington disease.

Parkinson disease. Although antiparkinson drugs are used in some clients with Huntington disease, these drugs are most commonly used in the medical management of Parkinson disease. The listed medications are not used to treat a seizure disorder. The listed medications are not used to treat MS

Which of the following drugs may be used after a seizure to maintain a seizure-free state? Ativan Phenobarbital Cerebyx Valium

Phenobarbital IV diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), or fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) are administered slowly in an attempt to halt seizures immediately. Other medications (phenytoin, phenobarbital) are administered later to maintain a seizure-free state. In general, a single drug is used to control the seizures.

A client is receiving hypothermic treatment for uncontrolled fever related to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which assessment finding requires immediate intervention? Shivering Capillary refill of 2 seconds Urine output of 100 mL/hr Cool, dry skin

Shivering Shivering can increase intracranial pressure by increasing vasoconstriction and circulating catecholamines. Shivering also increases oxygen consumption. A capillary refill of 2 seconds, urine output of 100mL/hr, and cool, dry skin are expected findings.

A client is having a tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do first? Elevate the head of the bed. Restrain the client's arms and legs. Take measures to prevent injury. Place a tongue blade in the client's mouth.

Take measures to prevent injury. Protecting the client from injury is the immediate priority during a seizure. Elevating the head of the bed would have no effect on the client's condition or safety. Restraining the client's arms and legs could cause injury. Placing a tongue blade or other object in the client's mouth could damage the teeth.

A patient had a small pituitary adenoma removed by the transsphenoidal approach and has developed diabetes insipidus. What pharmacologic therapy will the nurse be administering to this patient to control symptoms? Mannitol Vasopressin Phenobarbital Furosemide (Lasix)

Vasopressin Manipulation of the posterior pituitary gland during surgery may produce transient diabetes insipidus of several days' duration (Hickey, 2009). It is treated with vasopressin but occasionally persists.

A client with increased intracranial pressure has a cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of 40 mm Hg. This CPP reading is considered high. low. inaccurate. within normal limits.

low. Normal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is 70 to 100 mm Hg. A CPP of 40 mm Hg is low.

A client is being treated for increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The nurse should ensure that the client does not develop hypothermia because: hypothermia is indicative of malaria. hypothermia is indicative of severe meningitis. shivering in hypothermia can increase ICP. hypothermia can cause death to the client.

shivering in hypothermia can increase ICP. Care must be taken to avoid the development of hypothermia because hypothermia causes shivering. Shivering, in turn, can increase intracranial pressure.

The nurse is caring for a client with mid-to-late stage of an inoperable brain tumor. What teaching is important for the nurse to do with this client? Explaining hospice care and services Offering family support groups Optimizing nutrition Managing muscle weakness

Explaining hospice care and services The nurse explains hospice care and services to clients with brain tumors that no longer are at a stage where they can be cured. Managing muscle weakness and offering family support groups are important, but explaining hospice is the best answer. Optimizing nutrition at this point is not a priority.

A 30-year-old was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which statement by the client would indicate a need for more teaching from the nurse? "My children are at greater risk to develop this disease." "I will have progressive muscle weakness." "I will lose strength in my arms." "I need to remain active for as long as possible."

"My children are at greater risk to develop this disease." There is no known cause for ALS, and no reason to suspect genetic inheritance. ALS usually begins with muscle weakness of the arms and progresses. The client is encouraged to remain active for as long as possible to prevent respiratory complications.

A nurse is continually monitoring a client with a traumatic brain injury for signs of increasing intracranial pressure. The cranial vault contains brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid; an increase in any of the components causes a change in the volume of the others. This hypothesis is called which of the following? Monro-Kellie Cushing's Dawn phenomenon Hashimoto's disease

Monro-Kellie The Monro-Kellie hypothesis states that, because of the limited space for expansion in the skull, an increase in any one of its components causes a change in the volume of the others. Cushing's response is seen when cerebral blood flow decreases significantly. Systolic blood pressure increases, pulse pressure widens, and heart rate slows. The Dawn phenomenon is related to high blood glucose levels in the morning in clients with diabetes. Hashimoto's disease is related to the thyroid gland.

A community health nurse is performing a home visit to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The nurse should prioritize assessments related to which of the following? Potential skin breakdown Cardiac function Cognition Respiratory function

Respiratory function Respiratory function is profoundly affected by ALS and would be prioritized over integumentary assessment. Cardiac function and cognition are not normally affected by the disease.

A nurse is assessing a client who has been in a motor vehicle collision. The client directly and accurately answers questions. The nurse notes a contusion to the client's forehead; the client reports a headache. Assessing the client's pupils, what reaction would confirm increasing intracranial pressure? rapid response constricted response unequal response equal response

unequal response In increased ICP, the pupil response is unequal. One pupil responds more sluggishly than the other or becomes fixed and dilated.

A nurse is providing education about migraine headaches to a community group. The cause of migraines has not been clearly demonstrated, but is related to vascular disturbances. A member of the group asks about familial tendencies. The nurse's correct reply will be which of the following? "Only secondary migraine headaches show a familial tendency." "There is a very weak familial tendency." "There is a strong familial tendency." "No familial tendency has been demonstrated."

"There is a strong familial tendency." Migraine headaches have a strong familial tendency. Migraines are primary headaches, not secondary headaches.

The critical care nurse is caring for a client with bacterial meningitis. The client has developed cerebral vasculitis and increased ICP. What neurologic sequelae might this client develop? Damage to the vagal nerve Damage to the olfactory nerve Damage to the optic nerve Damage to the facial nerve

Damage to the optic nerve Neurologic sequelae in survivors include damage to the cranial nerves that facilitate vision and hearing. Sequelae to meningitis do not include damage to the vagal nerve, the olfactory nerve or the facial nerve.

What does the nurse recognize as the earliest sign of serious impairment of brain circulation related to increasing ICP? Lethargy and stupor Hypertension Bradycardia A bounding pulse

Lethargy and stupor As ICP increases, the patient becomes stuporous, reacting only to loud or painful stimuli. At this stage, serious impairment of brain circulation is probably taking place, and immediate intervention is required.

After a transsphenoidal adenohypophysectomy, a client is likely to undergo hormone replacement therapy. A transsphenoidal adenohypophysectomy is performed to treat which type of cancer? Colorectal carcinoma Pituitary carcinoma Laryngeal carcinoma Esophageal carcinoma

Pituitary carcinoma Pituitary carcinoma most commonly arises in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and must be removed by way of a transsphenoidal approach, using a bivalve speculum and rongeur. Surgery to treat esophageal carcinoma usually is palliative and involves esophagogastrectomy with jejunostomy. Laryngeal carcinoma may necessitate a laryngectomy. To treat colorectal cancer, the surgeon removes the tumor and any adjacent tissues and lymph nodes that contain cancer cells.

A client with neurologic infection develops cerebral edema from syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which is an important nursing action for this client? Restricting fluid intake and hydration Hyperoxygenation before and after tracheal suctioning Maintaining adequate hydration Administering prescribed antipyretics

Restricting fluid intake and hydration Fluid restriction may be necessary if the client develops cerebral edema and hypervolemia from SIADH. Antipyretics are administered to clients who develop hyperthermia. In addition, it is important to maintain adequate hydration in such clients. A client with neurologic infection should be given tracheal suctioning and hyperoxygenation only when the respiratory distress develops.

Which positions is used to help reduce intracranial pressure (ICP)? Keeping the head flat, avoiding the use of a pillow Avoiding flexion of the neck with use of a cervical collar Rotating the neck to the far right with neck support Extreme hip flexion, with the hip supported by pillows

Avoiding flexion of the neck with use of a cervical collar Use of a cervical collar promotes venous drainage and prevents jugular vein distortion, which can increase ICP. Slight elevation of the head is maintained to aid in venous drainage unless otherwise prescribed. Extreme rotation of the neck is avoided because compression or distortion of the jugular veins increases ICP. Extreme hip flexion is avoided because this position causes an increase in intra-abdominal pressure and intrathoracic pressure, which can produce a rise in ICP.

When performing a postoperative assessment on a client who has undergone surgery to manage increased intracranial pressure (ICP), a nurse notes an ICP reading of 0 mm Hg. Which action should the nurse perform first? Check the equipment. Continue the assessment because no actions are indicated at this time. Document the reading because it reflects that the treatment has been effective. Contact the physician to review the care plan.

Check the equipment. A reading of 0 mm Hg indicates equipment malfunction. The nurse should check the equipment and report problems. Normal and stable ICP values are less than 15 mm Hg. Some pressure is always present in the cranial vault. The nurse shouldn't contact the physician to review the care plan at this time. The nurse needs to complete the assessment of the client and equipment before making a report to the physician.

A client experiences a seizure while hospitalized for appendicitis. During the postictal phase, the client is yelling and swings a closed fist at the nurse. Which is the appropriate action by the nurse? Reorient the client while gently holding their arms. Apply oxygen via nasal cannula. Administer lorazepam per orders. Place the client in wrist restraints.

Reorient the client while gently holding their arms. Some clients during the postictal phase will become confused and agitated. This reaction is not intentional, and most clients do not later remember becoming agitated. The nurse should attempt to calm and reorient the client, while also gently holding the arms to prevent the client from hitting, thereby preventing the client from doing injury to self or others. The nurse should always use restraints as a last resort; therefore, the nurse should try to reorient the client before applying wrist restraints. Lorazepam is not indicated for postictal agitation. It may be administered to prevent future seizures. Oxygen is not indicated for this client.

A nurse working in the neurologic intensive care unit admits from the emergency department a patient with an inoperable brain tumor. Upon entering the room, the nurse observes that the patient is positioned like part B of the accompanying image. Based on this initial observation, what would the nurse predict about this patient's prognosis? excellent fatal good poor

poor An inappropriate or nonpurposeful response is random and aimless. Posturing may be decorticate or decerebrate. Decerebrate posturing indicates deeper and more severe dysfunction than does decorticate posturing; it implies brain pathology, which is a poor prognostic sign. Decorticate posture is the flexion and internal rotation of forearms and hands. Decerebrate posture is extension and external rotation. Flaccidity is the absence of motor response and the most severe neurologic impairment.

A nurse is assessing a patient's urinary output as an indicator of diabetes insipidus. The nurse knows that an hourly output of what volume over 2 hours may be a positive indicator? More than 200 mL/h 100 to 150 mL/h 50 to 100 mL/h 150 to 200 mL/h

More than 200 mL/h For patients undergoing dehydrating procedures, vital signs, including blood pressure, must be monitored to assess fluid volume status. An indwelling urinary catheter is inserted to permit assessment of renal function and fluid status. During the acute phase, urine output is monitored hourly. An output greater than 200 mL per hour for 2 consecutive hours may indicate the onset of diabetes insipidus (Hickey, 2009).

A client undergoes a craniotomy with supratentorial surgery to remove a brain tumor. On the first postoperative day, the nurse notes the absence of a bone flap at the operative site. How should the nurse position the client's head? Turned onto the operative side Elevated 30 degrees Elevated no more than 10 degrees Flat

Elevated 30 degrees After supratentorial surgery, the nurse should elevate the client's head 30 degrees to promote venous outflow through the jugular veins. The nurse would keep the client's head flat after infratentorial, not supratentorial, surgery. However, after supratentorial surgery to remove a chronic subdural hematoma, the neurosurgeon may order the nurse to keep the client's head flat; typically, the client with such a hematoma is older and has a less expandable brain. A client without a bone flap can't be positioned with the head turned onto the operative side because doing so may injure brain tissue. Elevating the head 10 degrees or less wouldn't promote venous outflow through the jugular veins.

A nurse is working on a neurological unit with a nursing student who asks the difference between primary and secondary headaches. The nurse's correct response will include which of the following statements? "A secondary headache is associated with an organic cause, such as a brain tumor." "A secondary headache is located in the frontal area." "A secondary headache is one for which no organic cause can be identified." "A migraine headache is an example of a secondary headache."

"A secondary headache is associated with an organic cause, such as a brain tumor." A secondary headache is a symptom associated with an organic cause, such as a brain tumor or an aneurysm. A primary headache is one for which no organic cause can be identified. These types include migraine, tension, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches can be located in all areas of the head.

What is one of the earliest signs of increased ICP? coma Cushing triad headache decreased level of consciousness (LOC)

decreased level of consciousness (LOC) Headache is a symptom of increased ICP, but decreasing LOC is one of the earliest signs of increased ICP. Cushing triad occurs late in increased ICP. If untreated, increasing ICP will lead to coma.

The nurse is liaising with the physical therapist and occupational therapist to create an activity management plan for a patient who has multiple sclerosis. What principle should be integrated into guidelines for exercise and activity that the team will provide to this patient in anticipation of discharge? The patient should perform frequent physical activity but avoid becoming fatigued. The patient should attempt to maintain prediagnosis levels of activity and mobility. The patient should prioritize energy conservation and remain on bed rest if possible. The patient should perform exercises that are brief but high-intensity.

The patient should perform frequent physical activity but avoid becoming fatigued. The patient is encouraged to work and exercise to a point just short of fatigue. Very strenuous physical exercise is not advisable because it raises the body temperature and may aggravate symptoms. The patient is advised to take frequent short rest periods, preferably lying down. Extreme fatigue may contribute to the exacerbation of symptoms. It is unrealistic to expect the patient to maintain prediagnosis levels of activity.

A client with newly diagnosed seizures asks about stigma associated with epilepsy. The nurse will respond with which of the following statements? "In most people, epilepsy is usually synonymous with intellectual disability." "Many people with developmental disabilities resulting from neurologic damage also have epilepsy." "For many people with epilepsy, the disorder is synonymous with mental illness." "Cases of epilepsy are often associated with intellectual level."

"Many people with developmental disabilities resulting from neurologic damage also have epilepsy." Many people who have developmental disabilities because of serious neurologic damage also have epilepsy. Epilepsy is not associated with intellectual level. It is not synonymous with intellectual disability or mental illness.

The school nurse notes a 6-year-old running across the playground with friends. The child stops in mid-stride, freezing for a few seconds. Then the child resumes his progress across the playground. The school nurse suspects what in this child? A tonic-clonic seizure A partial seizure A complex seizure An absence seizure

An absence seizure Absence seizures, formerly referred to as petit mal seizures, are more common in children. They are characterized by a brief loss of consciousness, during which physical activity ceases. The person stares blankly; the eyelids flutter; the lips move; and slight movement of the head, arms, and legs occurs. These seizures typically last for a few seconds, and the person seldom falls to the ground. Because of their brief duration and relative lack of prominent movements, these seizures often go unnoticed. People with absence seizures can have them many times a day. Partial, or focal, seizures begin in a specific area of the cerebral cortex. A generalized seizure involves the whole brain.

The clinic nurse caring for a patient with Parkinson's disease notes that the patient has been taking levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet) for 7 years. What common side effects of Sinemet would the nurse assess this patient for? Lactose intolerance Pruritus Dyskinesia Diarrhea

Dyskinesia Within 5 to 10 years of taking levodopa, most patients develop a response to the medication characterized by dyskinesia (abnormal involuntary movements). Another potential complication of long-term dopaminergic medication use is neuroleptic malignant syndrome, characterized by severe rigidity, stupor, and hyperthermia. Side effects of long-term Sinemet therapy are not pruritus, lactose intolerance, or diarrhea.

A 70-year-old woman is being treated at home for Parkinson's disease (PD), a health problem that she was diagnosed with 18 months ago. The nurse who is participating in the woman's care should be aware that her initial symptoms most likely consisted of: Tremors and muscle rigidity Visual disturbances and muscle weakness Increasing forgetfulness and confusion Fatigue and respiratory difficulties

Tremors and muscle rigidity The cardinal signs of PD are tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural disturbances.

A nurse is monitoring a client for increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). Early signs of increased ICP include: pupillary changes. diminished responsiveness. decreasing blood pressure. elevated temperature.

diminished responsiveness. Usually, diminished responsiveness is the first sign of increasing ICP. Pupillary changes occur later. Increased ICP causes systolic blood pressure to rise. Temperature changes vary and may not occur even with a severe decrease in responsiveness.

The nurse is caring for an 82-year-old client diagnosed with cranial arteritis. What is the priority nursing intervention? Document signs and symptoms of inflammation. Assess for weight loss. Administer corticosteroids as ordered. Give acetaminophen per orders.

Administer corticosteroids as ordered. Cranial arteritis is caused by inflammation, which can lead to visual impairment or rupture of the vessel. Administering the corticosteroid as ordered can decrease the chance of losing vision or vessel rupture. The client should receive an analgesic (acetaminophen) for the pain, but the corticosteroid should help decrease the pain and prevent complications. The nurse should assess for weight loss, but that can be determined after the medication is administered. Signs and symptoms of inflammation should be documented by the nurse after measures have been taken to decrease complications.

The nurse is taking care of a client with a history of headaches. The nurse takes measures to reduce headaches and administer medications. Which appropriate nursing interventions may be provided by the nurse to such a client? Apply warm or cool cloths to the forehead or back of the neck Maintain hydration by drinking eight glasses of fluid a day Perform the Heimlich maneuver Use pressure-relieving pads or a similar type of mattress

Apply warm or cool cloths to the forehead or back of the neck Applying warm or cool cloths to the forehead or back of the neck and massaging the back relaxes muscles and provides warmth to promote vasodilation. These measures are aimed at reducing the occurrence of headaches in the client. A client with transient ischemic attacks is advised to maintain hydration and drink eight glasses of fluid a day. A Heimlich maneuver is performed to clear the airway if the client cannot speak or breathe after swallowing food. The nurse uses pressure-relieving pads or a similar type of mattress to maintain peripheral circulation in the client's body.

An older client complains of a constant headache. A physical examination shows papilledema. What may the symptoms indicate in this client? Trigeminal neuralgia Brain tumor Hypostatic pneumonia Epilepsy

Brain tumor The incidence of brain tumor increases with age. Headache and papilledema are less common symptoms of a brain tumor in the older adult. Symptoms of epilepsy include fits and spasms, while symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia would be pain in the jaws or facial muscles. Hypostatic pneumonia develops due to immobility or prolonged bed rest in older clients.

A client with a traumatic brain injury has already displayed early signs of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). Which of the following would be considered late signs of increasing ICP? Mental confusion and pupillary changes Decerebrate posturing and loss of corneal reflex Loss of gag reflex and mental confusion Complaints of headache and lack of pupillary response

Decerebrate posturing and loss of corneal reflex Early indications of increasing ICP include disorientation, restlessness, increased respiratory effort, mental confusion, pupillary changes, weakness on onside of the body or in one extremity, and constant, worsening headache. Later indications of increasing ICP include decreasing level of consciousness until client is comatose, decreased or erratic pulse and respiratory rate, increased blood pressure and temperature, widened pulse pressure, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, projectile vomiting, hemiplegia or decorticate or decerebrate posturing, and loss of brain stem reflexes (pupillary, corneal, gag, and swallowing).

A client with a traumatic brain injury has developed increased intracranial pressure resulting in diabetes insipidus. While assessing the client, the nurse expects which of the following findings? Oliguria and decreased urine osmolality Excessive urine output and decreased urine osmolality Excessive urine output and serum hypo-osmolarity Oliguria and serum hyperosmolarity

Excessive urine output and decreased urine osmolality Diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The client has excessive urine output, decreased urine osmolality, and serum hyperosmolarity.

The nurse is called to attend to a patient having a seizure in the waiting area. What nursing care is provided for a patient who is experiencing a convulsive seizure? Select all that apply. Positioning the patient on his or her side with head flexed forward Loosening constrictive clothing Providing for privacy Opening the patient's jaw and inserting a mouth gag Restraining the patient to avoid self injury

Positioning the patient on his or her side with head flexed forward Loosening constrictive clothing Providing for privacy During a patient's seizure, the nurse should do the following. Loosen constrictive clothing. If possible, place the patient on one side with head flexed forward, which allows the tongue to fall forward and facilitates drainage of saliva and mucus. If suction is available, use it if necessary to clear secretions. Provide privacy, and protect the patient from curious onlookers. (The patient who has an aura [warning of an impending seizure] may have time to seek a safe, private place.) The nurse should not attempt to pry open jaws that are clenched in a spasm or attempt to insert anything. Broken teeth and injury to the lips and tongue may result from such an action. No attempt should be made to restrain the patient during the seizure, because muscular contractions are strong and restraint can produce injury.