Chapter 7!
Horatio wants to earn a black belt in karate. Which way of thinking about this goal is most likely to help him reach it? "I will set specific goals that I know I can reach easily." "I should be sure not to lose many matches." "I will set specific goals that are tough but attainable." "I should do the best I can."
"I will set specific goals that are tough but attainable."
You accidentally broke your eyeglasses. Which response is an example of reappraisal? "What a shame, but I've been wanting new frames anyway." "I am such a stupid, clumsy idiot!" "I never do anything right." "I'll forget about it in aerobics class."
"What a shame, but I've been wanting new frames anyway."
Alex agrees to lend a large sum of money to his friend Matt. However, contrary to the initial agreement, Matt never pays Alex back despite several reminders. Based on research findings, what should Alex do to reduce his negative emotional responses to Matt's behavior? Alex should end his friendship with Matt. Alex should focus on Matt's betrayal. Alex should think about Matt's perspective and consider the possibility that Matt may be in serious financial trouble. Alex should hire a claims company to retrieve the funds from Matt.
Alex should think about Matt's perspective and consider the possibility that Matt may be in serious financial trouble.
One of the first researchers to study sexual behavior was __________. Sid Levy Ronald Isaacson Alfred Kinsey Agnes Stevens
Alfred Kinsey
Cameron is generally upbeat, positive, and has a good outlook on life. Cameron also has a clean bill of health and is feeling fit. What can we conclude about the relationship between Cameron's positive emotions and health status? Cameron has had a positive outlook on life and enjoyed good health, and he will continue to do so. Cameron experiences positive emotions and enjoys good health. Cameron's good health outcomes caused an upbeat outlook on life. Cameron's positive emotions caused good health outcomes.
Cameron experiences positive emotions and enjoys good health
Clinical depression has been linked to heart attacks and cardiovascular disease. What is the probable mechanism that drives that link? Lower HPA levels are associated with clinical depression, and HPA-factor is one of the contributors to heart health. Depressed people have higher cortisol levels and engage in behaviors that are risk factors for heart disease. Depression causes a decrease in epinephrine production, which in turn makes the heart pump harder to maintain health. The phrase "a heavy heart" is just that; coping with depression itself is taxing on the heart.
Depressed people have higher cortisol levels and engage in behaviors that are risk factors for heart disease
Emily's motivation to stay with Rich is that she enjoys his company and feels close to him. Lydia's motivation to stay with Tim is that she does not like feeling lonely and is unsure if she can find another partner. Which relationship would you predict has the greatest satisfaction? Emily and Rich Lydia and Tim Both couples should feel similar dissatisfaction. Both couples should be about equally satisfied.
Emily and Rich
The ShinyBrite Corporation has instituted a new policy for its customer-service representatives. They are required to smile at the end of every sentence during their interaction with a customer, from "How are you?" to "Thanks for stopping by to see us today!" and each sentence in between. As you might imagine, customer-service representatives often deal with grumpy, dissatisfied customers, and therefore might not be inclined to feel happy themselves as they go through their business day. What is ShinyBrite asking its employees to do? Endure mood recovery. Engage in emotion work. Enact expression modulation. Enable mood displacement.
Engage in emotion work
Wayne is watching the sunset because he knows Cheryl generally likes nature, and he really likes Cheryl and wants Cheryl to really like him. Felipe is watching the sunset because sunsets are a beautiful thing to watch. Who is likely to enjoy the sunset the most? Wayne Felipe and Wayne Cheryl Felipe
Felipe
Florian has to get an immunization shot during his upcoming visit to the doctor. The night before, on the drive there, and in the waiting room he keeps thinking about how much the shot is going to hurt and how uncomfortable he will be. When the time comes the doctor produces a needle 2 millimeters long that barely scratches the skin. Nonetheless, Florian screams in pain. What is going on here? .
Florian's appraisal of the situation led to an emotional reaction that was not consistent with the actual intensity or direction of the emotion-eliciting event.
Sara has slightly above-average intelligence, but she sets and attains daily study goals for herself, is willing to work late into the night, and maintains a positive attitude about her progress in school. Which of the following statements, supported by research findings, best summarizes Sara's situation?
IQ is a useful measure of intellectual success, but hard work, motivation, and self-discipline also predict achievement
Which of the following statements best captures the spirit of what intelligence tests measure and how intelligence tests should be used?
Intelligence tests sample intelligence, but do not measure everything associated with that concept; as such, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence when evaluating an individual
Which statement best summarizes the effects of the workplace on worker motivation? The properties of the workplace are more important than the internal motives of the worker; even lazy people can get ahead in the proper environment. Motivation affects work, but working conditions generally do not affect motivation. Intrinsic motivations to succeed are great, but people also need the opportunity and appropriate work conditions to be able to succeed. Research shows that working conditions account for approximately 18 percent of a person's achievement outcomes, with the other 82 percent due to personal factors.
Intrinsic motivations to succeed are great, but people also need the opportunity and appropriate work conditions to be able to succeed.
Which of the following statements about Abraham Maslow's pyramid model of hierarchical needs is false? It was never very popular. People often have simultaneous needs, which is difficult to reconcile with the pyramid shape his model entails. It lacks empirical support. People often pursue higher needs at the expense of lower needs, which is inconsistent with the pyramid model.
It was never very popular
Keisha and Michelle are having a heated discussion. "Keisha, you are so biased! You only look at evidence that supports your beliefs and ignore information that doesn't. In my psychology class we call that the confirmation bias, and you do it all the time. You should be more open-minded, fair, and even-handed, like I am," decrees Michelle. What makes both you and Keisha think that Michelle is incorrect in her assessment?
Most people have a "bias blind spot"; they think other people are biased, but they themselves are not.
"If I could just win the lottery, I'd be set for life," lamented Zane. "Winning the lottery would change everything, and I'd be happy every day." Based on what you know about predicting future emotional states, how accurate do you think Zane's prophecy is? Very accurate; research shows that the lifestyles of lottery winners become radically different after attaining their prizes. Not very accurate; he would probably be happy, but not as happy as he thinks, nor would his life change as dramatically as he anticipates. Not at all accurate; winning a lottery and receiving lots of money all at once are events that make most people unhappy. Somewhat accurate; studies show that people can predict their future happiness correctly about half of the time.
Not very accurate; he would probably be happy, but not as happy as he thinks, nor would his life change as dramatically as he anticipates
In primates (including humans), how does the mere introduction of increased testosterone affect sexual desire? Not very much; testosterone does not contribute to sexual desire. A great deal for women, but not very much for men. A great deal; sexual desire is primarily a biological process. Not very much; primate sexual desire is affected by many interacting processes.
Not very much; primate sexual desire is affected by many interacting processes
Which of the following best illustrates the concept that sexual pleasure has a "top-down" component? Hailey has learned from parents, role models, and the media that adhering to societal standards regarding beauty will render her better able to use her sexuality to attain desired outcomes. Vikram consistently misinterprets his female friends' behavior as indicating sexual interest in him when in reality they are just being friendly. Carlos typically agrees to have sex because he feels like he is obligated to do so in order to please his partner. Rosie has fallen in love, and when she hears her new partner nearing orgasm it increases the level of pleasure she herself feels.
Rosie has fallen in love, and when she hears her new partner nearing orgasm it increases the level of pleasure she herself feels
Why would you predict that people who visit buffet restaurants would tend to overeat compared to diners who patronize a more traditional restaurant? The slowness of walking through a buffet line provides time for fat cells to build up. Buffets are attractive to large groups, and large groups tend to eat more than smaller parties. The abundance of highly varied foods generally inspires people to eat more. Buffet restaurants feature fattier foods than traditional restaurants or fast-food restaurants.
The abundance of highly varied foods generally inspires people to eat more
Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is true? The overwhelming majority of children of gay parents do not become gay. Humans are the only animal species to demonstrate same-sex sexual activity. Biological factors alone can account for the diversity of sexual responses, preferences, and customs observed in society. There is no relationship whatsoever between exposure to prenatal hormones and sexual orientation.
The overwhelming majority of children of gay parents do not become gay
Angela knows that her roommate Sakura has been having a tough time lately. Wanting to help, she has told Sakura multiple times that she is available to hang out, to chat, or to offer whatever Sakura needs to help her cope. An equal number of times Angela's offers have been turned down, and she is starting to think she and Sakura are not as close as she believed. What is another possible reason for Sakura's rebuffs?
There are cultural differences in social support seeking and how providers of social support are defined
Amber has many worries about going to college, but she is afraid to tell anyone. What might be the healthiest solution for her? Talking frequently to anyone who will listen. Writing down her feelings and then rereading and rethinking what she wrote. Tweeting her friends about her moods. Trying not to think about her feelings.
Writing down her feelings and then rereading and rethinking what she wrote
"Saudade...," your Portuguese friend Beatriz sighs. "Saudade; I've got a melancholic feeling of incompleteness," she continues. "You wouldn't understand; there's not really an equivalent word in English." That is factually true, but how does it affect our understanding of culture and emotional experience? If Beatriz explains the concept of saudade well enough, you should be able to "translate" some set of three or four English words that capture the same emotional meaning. You and Beatriz might differ in your experience of saudade, but chances are good that both of you will understand and experience prototypical emotions similarly. You and Beatriz are likely to have very different emotions as you go through life; this example highlights the extraordinary cultural diversity in emotional experience. Emotion words have translatable counterparts across languages because emotions are universal; Beatriz needs to expand her vocabulary to capture what she is trying to convey.
You and Beatriz might differ in your experience of saudade, but chances are good that both of you will understand and experience prototypical emotions similarly
Emily is unable to sustain meaningful romantic relationships. She is distrustful of others and always ends a relationship when the other person wants to be committed. Her attachment style can best be described as __________. regressive avoidant anxious secure
avoidant
The adult population of an entire city agrees to take the same standardized intelligence test. Even before the outcomes are known, what percentage of that population would you predict would have test scores above 130?
about 2%
Steve is unexpectedly called on in class to discuss a question. He has not the faintest idea of the answer; he feels his heart pound and his palms sweat. According to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Steve is in the __________ phase of his stress response. alarm resistance exhaustion adaptive
alarm
Three-year-old Gricelda sees her dad dressed in a gorilla costume and runs away in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in her emotional reaction? pineal gland pons substantia nigra amygdala
amygdala
Cindy is solving a long-division problem in her math class, so she follows the steps that her teacher showed her to accomplish that task. Cindy's problem-solving strategy is an example of __________.
an algorithm
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, which component refers to utilizing information-processing skills such as recognizing and defining a problem, comparing and contrasting solutions, and evaluating the results of a problem-solving strategy?
analytical intelligence
Which emotion do men tend to express more freely than women? surprise anger mirth sadness
anger
The eating disorder with the highest mortality among all mental disorders is __________. binge-eating disorder anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa night eating syndrome
anorexia nervosa
Humans share an evolutionary past with other animals; as such, it is unwise to assume that other animals possess no cognitive skills, and that humans are the only ones with such abilities. This is a caution against the notion of __________.
anthropodenial
Barnaby thinks his pet snake Curly is harboring angry thoughts about him because Curly has been standoffish and will not curl around his neck anymore. What error is Barnaby making?
anthropomorphism
The story of Clever Hans, the math-savvy horse, serves as a cautionary tale warning scientists of the dangers of __________.
anthropomorphism
Madison agrees to unwanted sex with her partner, primarily because she is afraid her partner will leave her if she does not, and she also feels obligated to give him pleasure when he wants it. What kind of attachment style would you predict Madison has? anxious hesitant ambivalent secure
anxious
Dominic is somewhat uncomfortable being close to others. He gets nervous when someone wants to get too close emotionally and he finds it difficult to let himself depend on others, yet at the same time some people seem to think he is clingy. Which adult attachment style would best describe Dominic's feelings and behavior? dependent attachment anxious attachment secure attachment avoidant attachment
anxious attachment
"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." This line from William Shakespeare's play Hamlet (Act 2, Scene 2) is a simple summary of the role of __________ in the experience of emotion. facial expressions the thalamus norepinephrine appraisals
appraisals
Miranda wants to learn to ice skate because it looks fun and she likes to try new things. Junko wants to learn to ice skate because she does not want to be embarrassed next winter in front of her friends and she is afraid of being left out of fun events. Miranda's motives are generally __________, whereas Junko's motives are primarily __________. avoidance goals; approach goals accomplishment goals; attainment goals idiographic; nomothetic approach goals; avoidance goals
approach goals; avoidance goals
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting is called __________. bulimia nervosa bingeing anorexia nervosa purgative nervosa
bulimia nervosa
In many cultures, how do men learn to express love? by enacting considerate or affectionate behaviors by communicating their feelings to their partners by having children and starting a family by writing about their emotions
by enacting considerate or affectionate behaviors
Which of the following concepts is the most basic
chair
The study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is called __________.
cognitive ethology
The components of emotion are physiological changes, __________, action tendencies, and __________. biological changes; cultural norms internal feelings; external displays cognitive processes; subjective feelings facial expressions; nonverbal behaviors
cognitive processes; subjective feelings
Peter and Bryan have been in a healthy romantic relationship for 17 years. Chances are good that their relationship is characterized by __________. passionate love infatuation companionate love intense emotions
companionate love
Which of the following is not a leading environmental cause of worldwide weight gain? competition for scarce resources increases in portion size the availability of a wide variety of foods a steep decline in exercise
competition for scarce resources
A hormone that elevates blood sugar and protects the body from tissue inflammation during injury is called __________. cortisol estrogen oxytocin adrenalase
cortisol
The cognitive skills and specific knowledge that a person acquires over a lifetime are called __________.
crystallized intelligence
Your Japanese friend Suki is told by her professor that she received a D on her exam. In response, Suki broke into a wide smile and thanked the professor profusely. When your American friend Ron received the same news about his grade on the exam, he showed a mix of anger and disgust on his face and skulked back to his seat. What can explain the difference in the outward signs of emotion between Suki and Ron? mirror neurons universal facial expressions of emotion prototypical emotion families culturally variable display rules
culturally variable display rules
William Masters and Virginia Johnson described four stages of the sexual response cycle. According to their original research, what is the correct order of those stages? arousal, desire, orgasm, resolution desire, arousal, orgasm, resolution arousal, desire, resolution, orgasm desire, arousal, resolution, orgasm
desire, arousal, orgasm, resolution
Which example of the concept chair is prototypical?
dining room chair
The ability to communicate about objects that are not currently physically present, but rather are elsewhere in either space or time, is called __________.
displacement
A honeybee performs a little dance that communicates to other bees the direction and distance of food. Because the bee can "talk" about something that is located elsewhere, its communication system shows __________. But because the bee can create only utterances that are genetically wired into its repertoire, its communication system lacks __________.
displacement; productivity
Martin and Lewis had their home burglarized. At first they were both shaken and told friends how scared they were by the break-in and how angry they felt at themselves for not being better prepared. Three weeks later Martin was still bemoaning their situation, while Lewis was comparing security companies and installing window locks. Martin was engaged in __________, whereas Lewis was practicing __________. emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping problem-focused coping; social comparison social support seeking; emotion-focused coping social comparison; social support seeking
emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping
During times of stress or intense emotion, the adrenal glands secrete __________ and __________ to heighten arousal and alertness.
epinephrine; norepinephrine
Kawhi thinks that if he gets good grades in school, girls will notice him, his friends will admire him, and his parents will be proud of him. Accordingly, he slogs through his coursework with little focus on understanding the material and an eye toward getting the highest grades he can. Kawhi is showing all the signs of being __________ motivated. intrinsically hyper- psychologically extrinsically
extrinsically
Ada was feeling a little down in the dumps—sad, grumpy, just not herself. Her grandmother told her, "Smile, Ada; you'll feel better!" Which theory predicts that Grandma is correct?
facial feedback
The capacity to reason and use information to solve new problems is referred to as __________.
fluid intelligence
Hidalgo, Tomáŝ, Mary, and Sonjî are all attending a variety show at the Student Union. Which emotion are they likely to experience in
happiness
Manoosh wants to make a lot of money after she graduates from college. When deciding which major to pursue, she narrows her choices to pre-med, business, pre-law, engineering, and computer science. Although she is not sure exactly what she wants to study, nor which type of work will make her happiest, she at least narrowed the field of options considerably in solving her problem. What type of decision-making strategy did Manoosh rely on?
heuristics
Which aspect of Type A behavior is most hazardous to the heart? working hard irritability in traffic hostility being in a hurry
hostility
Americans' expectation of what constitutes "one portion of food" has __________ over the past several decades. stayed the same shown an inverted-U trend increased decreased
increased
Anika usually takes credit for doing well on her work assignments and blames her failures on lack of effort. Benicia attributes her successes to luck and blames her failures on the fact that she is a Gemini. Anika has a(n) __________ locus of control, whereas Benicia has a(n) __________ locus. external; internal undeveloped; developed developed; undeveloped internal; external
internal; external
Mary is asked why she loves to perform interpretive dance. "I enjoy it, and I want to express myself," she replies. Olivia is asked the same question. "I want to be noticed by a talent scout, and I want to get a performing contract from it." Mary is showing signs of __________, whereas Olivia is showing signs of __________.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
If you visited a strange, exotic land and carefully observed the facial expressions of the members of that culture, about which emotion would you most likely be mistaken?
jealousy
Which of the following emotions does not have a universal facial expression? disgust jealousy anger surprise
jealousy
The hormone that helps regulate appetite by telling the hypothalamus that the body has stored enough fat is called __________.
leptin
Logan understands the material in his statistics class, but on tests he spends the entire period on the most difficult problems and never even gets to the problems he can solve easily. Which ingredient of intelligence does he need to improve?
metacognition
Which of the following animals has not been shown (so far) to have the ability to acquire language skills?
mice
What hormone is elevated when happy couples hug one another?
oxytocin
Aldo is watching The Bloodthirsty Butchers Meet the Maniac Madmen in 3D. What cells in his brain are making him wince every time the main character is being attacked? thalamic extension pontine neurons Purkinje cells mirror neurons
mirror neurons
Generally speaking, how bad are the future bad things that people anticipate will be bad? about as bad as people think even worse twice as bad as people predict not so bad
not so bad
Which gene causes fat cells to secrete the hormone leptin? ghrelin oxytocin ob vasopressin
ob
Audrey feels a swell of emotion whenever Anna is nearby. She knows it is love at first sight, and she feels tingly and excited when she thinks of spending time with Anna. The kind of love Audrey is experiencing is called __________ love. biological companionate passionate extrinsic
passionate
Claude and Ingo are both studying for the bar exam to become lawyers. Claude feels a lot of pressure to pass the exam so he can impress his friends and make his family proud. Ingo feels a lot of pressure as well because he wants to challenge himself and tackle a fair test of his learning and studying. Claude appears to be motivated by __________ goals, whereas Ingo is motivated by __________ goals. performance; mastery nomographic; idiothetic mastery; learning approach; avoidance
performance; mastery
A representative instance of a concept is called a __________.
prototype
Katie, finishing her studies in medical school, mutters, "Illness is a product of the body!" Cleo, finishing her doctorate in clinical psychology, counters, "Illness is a product of the mind!" Boris, who is getting a PhD in biology, bellows, "Illness is a product of the body's natural defense systems!" Listening to all this, Petra pipes up: "Health and illness are a product of all three." What is Petra studying? neurotaxicendonology physiosocioculturology pharmalogicetricology psychoneuroimmunology
psychoneuroimmunology
Mina thinks the media have a liberal political bias, and Mariam thinks they are too conservative. "Well," says Mina, "I have my truth and you have yours. It's purely subjective." Which of King and Kitchener's types of thinking describes Mina's statement?
quasi-reflective
Which group of people would you predict might reap the most health benefits? unrealistic pessimists unrealistic optimists realistic pessimists realistic optimists
realistic optimists
Gerald thinks politicians have too much influence on people's daily lives, and Edgar thinks they have too little. "Well," says Gerald, "I suppose there are many ways to look at this issue. The important thing is that we're both thinking it through and offering cohesive arguments for our points of view." Which of King and Kitchener's types of thinking describes Gerald's statement?
reflective
Lola is not jealous when her partner talks to other people at parties or spends a weekend with friends. She understands that couples like to do things together but also sometimes need to do things separately, and she is not worried that her partner will abandon her for someone he likes more. Lola's attachment style seems to be __________. anxious secure assertive avoidant
secure
In a study of eighth graders, __________ was more strongly correlated with school performance than __________ was.
self-discipline; IQ
Research indicates that one of the strongest predictors of learning and accomplishment is __________. self-feedback self-endowment self-efficacy self-avoidance
self-efficacy
The implicit cultural and gender rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a specific situation are called __________. sexual scripts expectations normative roles gender schemes
sexual scripts
Olivia broke her thumb right in the middle of volleyball season and had to miss the last six games. Although she was disappointed, she realized she was better off than Kiara, who broke her arm at the start of volleyball season and did not play at all. What coping strategy is Olivia using? learning from experience social support mindfulness social comparison
social comparison
Research on goal setting indicates that goals should be framed as approach goals that are __________ and __________. short term; optimistic distant; general specific; challenging attainable; popular
specific; challenging
Which of the following types of research would have the least potential for demonstrating that the fairness bias has an innate or genetic component?
studies involving adults playing the Ultimatum Game
Mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness (but are accessible to consciousness when necessary) are called __________ processes, whereas mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness (but are not available to conscious awareness) are called __________ processes.
subconscious; nonconscious
Traci does not have an unusually high IQ, but at work she is quickly promoted because she knows how to set priorities, communicate with management, and make others feel valued. Traci has __________ knowledge about how to succeed on the job.
tacit
Compared to American men, American women tend to __________. express anger more freely feel everyday emotions more frequently talk about their emotions to a greater extent express more negative than positive emotions
talk about their emotions to a greater extent
Some researchers have suggested that a better name for multitasking would be __________.
task switching
In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported four diagnoses of the Ebola virus in the United States. Three of the patients recovered, although one person unfortunately died from the disease. Nonetheless, people nationwide feared for their health and safety, although the probability of any one individual contracting the disease was extremely small. Which barriers to reasoning rationally help explain this panicked reaction?
the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic
Jimmy is asked whether English words that end in -ing are more common than words that have n as the second-to-last letter. He mentally generates a long list of -ing words (running, jumping, reading, laughing) but can only think of a few that have n as the second-to-last letter (drink, second). He therefore incorrectly concludes that -ing endings are more common. Which barrier to rational reasoning did Jimmy fall prey to?
the availability heuristic
Franco and Carla are walking down the street when they spy a paper bag. Carla is the first to pick it up, and discovers 20 one-dollar bills inside. "This is great!" says Carla. "Here; you take $5 and I'll keep $15." Franco indignantly huffs, "You're nuts! Either give me half or put the bag back down. I'd rather have nothing than take your lousy offer!" Which barrier to rational reasoning is Franco illustrating?
the fairness bias
Inga listens intently as her economics professor describes the 4 percent unemployment rate in her county. Troubled by this statistic, she later talks with her friend Marlo, who is enrolled in a different section of the same economics course. "Unemployment in our county is horrible!" laments Inga. "What do you mean?" replies Marlo. "The professor clearly told us that 96 percent of people in our county have a job, which sounds pretty good to me." Which barrier to reasoning rationally could be affecting Inga's and Marlo's conclusions? the
the framing effect
Lou hears on a news broadcast that a proposed recycling program for his city will reuse 80% of household waste. Dee, watching a different news broadcast at the same time, learns that the same proposed program will send 20% of household waste to the local landfill. Lou thinks the new program is great, but Dee thinks it is horrible. What barrier to reasoning rationally could be affecting their diverging conclusions?
the framing effect
Adnan meets a young woman at the gym. They hit it off and eventually get married. Says Adnan, "I knew when I woke up that morning that something special was going to happen." What cognitive bias is affecting his thinking, charmingly romantic though it is?
the hindsight bias
A system of beliefs about the way the minds of others work is called __________.
theory of mind
Two important hormones that play a role in social bonding are __________ and __________. epinephrine; norepinephrine melatonin; amylin vasopressin; oxytocin ghrelin; leptin
vasopressin; oxytocin
When is people's reliance on cognitive biases likely to diminish?
when they are doing things in which they have some expertise, or when the decisions being made have serious personal consequences
Under what conditions are women most likely to use sex as a "bargaining chip"? when they are using birth control when they are financially dependent when they are employed and thus have their own money to bargain with when they already have two children
when they are financially dependent