Chapter 7 American History

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

What were these northern territories?

California, New Mexico, Texas

Sam Houston

First president of the Republic of Texas

U.S. soldiers led by ____ crossed the Nueces Rier into territory claimed by Mexico. They were attacked by a force of Mexican soldiers so the president declared that ________.

General Zachary Taylor; the US was at war "by the act of Mexico herself"

When did Mexico win independence from Spain?

In 1821

Agriculture was given a boost when Jethro Wood patented an ____, John Deere engineered a _____, and Cyrus McCormick patented the ______.

Iron-bladed plow; plow with steel blades; mechanical reaper

The Mormons traveled west in search of ____. Their new leader, _____, led his people west along a path known as the ____. They settled by the ____ and called their land ______.

Land; Joseph Smith; Mormon Trail; Great Salt Lake; Deseret

John Louis O'Sullivan

Magazine editor who declared that it was the manifest destiny of Americans to settle western lands

Many Americans believed in the idea of _____, the idea that God had given the ______ to Americans and wanted them to _____.

Manifest Destiny; entire continent; settle in the western lands

When did Texas declare its independence?

March 2, 1836

General Zachary Taylor led U.S. troops south into _____; Colonel Stephen W. Kearny led troops toward _____; and General John C. Frémont led an American revolt in ________.

Matamoros; Santa Fe; northern California

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president who led an army against Texas

National Colonization Act

Mexico gave 26 empresarios large grants of Texas land

What was the National Colonization Act?

Mexico gave agents/contractors large grants of Texas land and they had to fill the land with a certain number of settlers and govern the colonies they established

How did the borderlands change after Mexican independence?

Mexico neglected the northern borderlands

As more settlers came, _____ became concerned about this threat to ____. They relied on the _____ for their necessities.

Native Americans; their way of life; buffalo

John Sutter

Owner of the mill where gold was discovered that helped start the California Gold Rush

Who settled the lands west of the Mississippi River and how did this affect Native Americans living there?

Pioneers and they wouldn't have much buffalo to survive

The Democratic candidate in the election of 1844 was ___, who promised to annex ____ and _____, as well as buy _____ from Mexico

Polk; Texas; Oregon territory; California

John C. Fremont

Republican presidential candidate in 1856

Where did the ranchers live in New Mexico?

South of Santa Fe in the Rio Grande Valley

Texas had a large population of _____ who had taken ____ into the state. President ___ hoped to ____ Texas but the ____ voted against it.

Southerners; slaves; Tyler; annex; Senate

What were the social classes in Californian society?

Spanish Dons, Mestizos, Native Americans

What was the Battle of Goliad?

Texan settlers attacked the Mexicans at a fort near Goliad

How did the immigration of Americans to Texas eventually lead to Texan independence?

The slaves they brought with them and the lifestyle of Americans upset the Mexicans

How did the Battle of San Jacinto lead to Texan independence?

They captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign the treaty

Early settlers lived on a land ____. For this reason they were called ____. Congress passed the _____ of 1830, giving them the right to claim land before it was surveyed.

They did not own; squatters; Preemption Act

What happened in 1836 when Texans voted at the polls?

They elected Sam Houston as 1st president and voted of becoming a part of the United States.

What was the result of so many Americans settling in Texas?

To a revolt against the Mexican rule and independence for Texas

Mountain men carved out ____ that settlers used. The most famous were the ____ and the ______. Settlers traveled in groups called ____. A trip west took _____ months

Trails; Oregon Trail; California and Santa Fe Trails; overlanders; 5-6

What steps did the United States take to gain control of Texas and Oregon?

Treaties and conflict are the steps

The U.S. government negotiated the _______, which gave Native Americans ______ in the Great Plains as long as they allowed ____.

Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851; territories; settlers to pass through

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Before leaving office, President ______ pushed an ____ through Congress in the year _____, and Texas joined _____. Matters became worse when the United States and ____ disputed the location of _____.

Tyler; annexation resolution; 1845; the Union; Mexico; Texas's southwestern border

How important was trade in California after Mexican independence?

US, Russia and other countries came to exchange for sea otter and seal skins and the hides and tallow from cattle

Brigham young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

To end the war, U.S. troops captured the Mexican port of ____ and then captured _____. In 1848 Mexican leaders signed the _____. The border between the two countries was set at ______.

Veracruz; Mexico City; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Rio Grande

Who was Stephen Austin?

Was the most successful empresario, he had persuaded some 1,500 American families to immigrate

The Battle of San Jacinto

an 1836 battle between Texans and Mexicans during the Texas war for independence from Mexico

Why did Mexicans distrust American settlers?

because of their American lifestyle and rejection of Mexican ways

Few Americans wanted to _____ to gain control of Oregon. The two nations ______, a settlement to end the dispute. The United States received all of Oregon _______.

fight the British; negotiated the Oregon Treaty; South of 49 north latitude and west of the Rocky Mountains

Why did the laws enacted by Mexico in 1830 infuriate American settlers?

they closed their borders to further immigration by Americans and banned the importation of enslaved labor as well

Why did the governor of California grant John Sutter 50,000 acres in the Sacramento Valley?

to attract more settlers

What was the Santa Fe Trail?

trade route from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe

What was accomplished at the two conventions in San Felipe?

reopen Texas to American immigrants, to ease taxes on imports, make Texas a separate state from Coahuila

What happened at the Alamo?

A battle at which the Mexicans killed all the Texans

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

The Battle of Goliad

Battle in the Texas War for Independence in which 400 Americans were killed

How did secularization of the missions affect life in California?

Because it freed up land for cattle ranching

When did settlers begin to settle in Texas?

Before Mexican independence

In 1818 ____ and the United States agreed to occupy the ___ jointly

Britain; land

"Fifty-Four or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory