Chapter 7 Anatomy & Physiology Test Q's

Which disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia and is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine?

Alzheimer

What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles?

axon terminals

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

Know the major regions of the brain

brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum, diencephalon

Which of the following is one of the major functions of the pons?

breathing

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

broca's area

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

calcium

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

What congenital disorder can occur when there is a temporary lack of oxygen during delivery of a baby?

cerebral palsy

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________.

choroid plexus

What is the primary role of the interneuron (association neuron)?

connect sensory and motor neuron

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

corpus callosum

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

diencephalon

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged?

frontal lobe

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

glial cells

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

hormones in the pituitary gland

What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways?

interneurons

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

meninges

Nerve impulses from being carried from the CNS to muscles or glands are called:

motor neurons

How are neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), structurally classified?

multipolar neurons

Impulse conduction is faster in neurons that are ________.

myelinated

What statement best describes the resting state of a neuron?

neuron is polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ____

nodes of ranvier

Which of the neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

What symptom would indicate damage to the primary motor area?

paralysis

In which cerebral lobe is the primary somatic-sensory cortex located?

parietal lobe

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater.

pia

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?

potassium ions

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.

proprioceptors

What best describes bipolar neurons?

rare in adults; found only in special sense organs (eye, nose)

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

rest and digest; salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion, defecation

Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ________.

saltatory conduction

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

schwann cells

An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell.

sodium

During repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?

sodium ions

What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?

sodium ions

Hemiplegia and aphasia characterize those patients who have experienced a ________.

stroke

What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel?

stroke

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

sympathetic

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

synaptic cleft

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

thalamus

Damage to the cervical nerve plexus can cause problems with ________.

the arm causing the hands to claw up

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

tight

What pair of cranial nerves extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

vagus nerve

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter

white matter; gray matter

Know the correct, basic sequence of events of a nerve impulse

1. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 2. the membrane becomes depolarized 3. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell 4. the membrane becomes repolarized

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

31

Which of the following terms indicates a nerve impulse has been initiated and is being transmitted?

action potential

Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ___

all or nothing response

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ___

axon