Chapter 7: Driving Safely and Studying for your Permit

DO NOT PASS AT THESE LOCATIONS

Hills Curves Railroads Intersections If you see a "changed path ahead"

Dealing with Distractions

Pre-program your favorite radio stations for easy access and keep your stereo at a volume low enough so you can hear things outside of your vehicle, such as a siren, horn honking, or a train whistle. Designate a front-seat passenger to serve as a "co-pilot," rather than fumble with maps or navigation systems. If you are driving alone, map out destinations in advance. Avoid eating and drinking while driving. Make sure all food items are secure and drinks fit securely in cup holders. Do not underestimate how distracting children can be in the vehicle. Teach them the importance of good behavior while in a vehicle. Take a break if you find yourself "lost in thought" while driving. Remember to focus on driving and avoid being distracted by people or objects inside and outside your vehicle. Do your personal grooming at home, not in the vehicle. Pets can be distracting and should be in a carrier, not in your lap or free to move. Smoking is a distraction. Avoid smoking while driving.

Remember, trucks don't drive like other vehicles. Generally speaking, the bigger the truck is:

The bigger the driver's blind spots. The more room the truck needs to maneuver. The longer it takes the truck to stop. The longer it takes you to pass it.

Other Things to Keep In Mind

A driver has to be able to see clearly to the front and sides of the vehicle, so nothing should be in the way. Objects carried in the vehicle, passengers, or pets should not be in the driver's way while driving. You must have a rearview mirror and a horn. The law states there shall not be anything hanging from the rearview mirror or sun visors.

What to Do After a Crash

A driver who has been involved in a crash is required by law to stop and give any assistance that is reasonably necessary. Often those involved in crash scenes are confused and upset, so be prepared for crash situations. It is helpful to review the steps which should be taken at a crash scene. 1. If possible, move the involved vehicles out of the traveled lanes and onto the shoulder. This will reduce the chance of someone else crashing into the involved vehicles, causing additional damage and injury. 2. If someone is injured, call 911. Leave the injured person where they are. You may injure the person more by moving that person the wrong way. Keep the person warm and calm. 3. A police officer will respond to a 911 call and will view the crash scene. The police officer can obtain the facts about what happened. The police will not take sides for one driver or the other. You will have to show your license, registration certificate, and proof of insurance to the police officer. You must also show your license to anyone who is injured or whose property has been damaged. 4. If you hit a parked vehicle and cause damage, and you can't find the owner, you must write your name, address and phone number and leave it in, or on the vehicle. This will allow the owner to know whom to contact. 5. If any person has been injured, or if the damage is over $3,000, you must make a written report to the Department of Motor Vehicles within 72 hours. Crash reports help the state improve roadways.

Orange Triangle

A sign in the shape of a triangle with the points cut off is displayed on vehicles which travel at slow speeds. For example, you will often see these signs on farm vehicles.

Brakes

After a time brakes become worn out and must have new linings. Oil or grease may leak into the brakes and make them grab. Water may get into them from driving in wet weather so they will not properly stop the vehicle. Dirt from dusty roads may work in and wear them out. Using the brakes often on a long trip in hilly country will cause them to overheat, and then they will not work properly. Brakes must be checked at regular intervals. 61 The most common cause of bad brakes is that they do not operate together properly. When applying the brakes suddenly, one takes hold before the other and causes your vehicle to swerve. You can check this yourself by noting whether the vehicle swerves when traveling at a slow speed on a road with no other vehicles in sight and you are holding the steering wheel lightly. Be sure to see that there is plenty of fluid in the brake system. If you notice that the brake pedal goes down too far, have the brake fluid checked at once as there may be a leak in the system.

Windows and Defrosters

All defrosters—front and rear—must be in good working order. Do not try to drive any vehicle unless the window interiors are free of moisture and outside windows are clear of ice and snow. Also keep interiors of all windows clean

Driver Readiness

Before you drive your vehicle you should do the following: 1. Adjust the seat properly. 2. Adjust all mirrors. 3. Test the foot and parking/emergency brakes 4. Adjust and fasten the safety belt. 5. Lock the doors. 6. Turn on the headlights.

Dealing with Emotions

Emotions affect safe driving. You may not be able to drive well if you are overly worried, excited, afraid, or depressed. Give yourself time to cool off and calm down. Taking a walk is a good way to do this. Plan ahead. Give yourself some extra time for your driving trip. Leave a few minutes early. If you have plenty of time, you are less likely to speed or break laws or crash

Infants - from birth to at least 1 year old and at least 20 pounds

For the best possible protection keep infants in the back seat, in rear-facing child safety seats, as long as possible up to the height or weight limit of the particular seat. At a minimum, state law requires keeping infants rear-facing until age 1 and at least 20 pounds.

part 2

Get it done.

Steering

If it becomes difficult to steer your vehicle, or your steering wheel moves too loosely, you should have it checked by a qualified mechanic. A good rule is to get your steering and what mechanics call "the front end" looked over two times a year.

Leaving the Parking Space

If necessary, back up the vehicle to a position from which re-entry into the traffic lane can be made in one motion. Signal left, look all around for any vehicles, bicyclists and pedestrians (check the rearview and side view mirrors, and look over your left shoulder into the blind spot). When clear, drive out carefully. Enter the roadway slowly, being careful to stay on your own side. Note: On the road test, you may be required to parallel park with only a front vehicle available. Be sure to still follow the same procedures.

Tires

It is not safe or legal to use tires after the tread is worn off or worn down to the wear bars on the tire. Be sure to keep the right amount of air in your tires. Both overinflated and underinflated tires reduce traction, cause quicker tire wear, and affect steering. If your vehicle pulls to one side or steers hard look at your tires and have your wheels checked. Wavy marks on your front tires may mean that the wheels are out of alignment. The safe thing to do is to have all good tires with the proper amount of tread.

Protect Your Child - It's the Law!

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for children age 3 to 14. Parents and caregivers are urged to make sure their car seats and booster seats are properly installed in their vehicles to prevent injuries and deaths among their children. In too many instances, parents are confused about how to correctly install their child's seat, don't know that every seat doesn't fit in every car, or they don't realize that their vehicle is equipped with the Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) system. Nearly every car seat and most vehicles manufactured since September 1, 2002, are required to have the LATCH system. LATCH makes it easier to get the child seat in right - the first time and every time.

Emission Control System

Motor vehicles are a major source of air pollution in Vermont. Collectively they account for over 50% of the air pollution generated in Vermont. Although new vehicles are much cleaner (provided they are maintained properly) than older models, they still release large amounts of pollutants into our air. To make sure that your vehicle's emission control system is functioning properly, it is checked as part of the annual inspection procedure. As part of the annual inspection the catalytic converter is inspected to make sure it is present on your vehicle. If your vehicle is supposed to have a catalytic converter and it is not present or if the catalytic converter fails, it must be replaced. It is against federal and state law to disconnect your vehicles catalytic converter or to have a mechanic disconnect or tamper with it. Another way that vehicles cause air pollution is through the evaporation of gas. During the annual inspection your vehicle's gas cap will be examined to make sure it is in good condition. The On Board Diagnostic computer system (OBD) will be checked to make sure the vehicle's emissions control system is working properly. Specific problem areas can be pinpointed through a properly functioning "OBD".

Children - from about age 4 to at least age 8

Once children outgrow their forward-facing seats, they are required to ride in booster seats, in the back seat, until the vehicle seat belts fit properly. Seat belts fit properly when the lap belt lays snuggly across the hips in contact with the pelvic bones and the shoulder belt fits across the chest in contact with the sternum

See Signs

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See signs

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CRASHES

Poor decisions made by drivers cause most crashes. Some examples are: 1. Driving too fast for road conditions. 2. Not paying attention to their driving. 3. Driving too close to the motor vehicle in front of them. 4. Driving over the center line. 5. Not yielding the right-of-way. 6. Driving after drinking or using other drugs. 7. Passing when unsafe to do so. 8. Not checking mirrors and blind spots.

Flaggers

See page 37

See diagram

See page 58

DISTRACTED DRIVING

Studies show that anything that takes away your attention from driving could result in a crash. 56 No matter what the distraction, drivers who are distracted exhibit the same basic type of behavior. Distractions cause drivers to react more slowly to traffic conditions or events, such as a vehicle stopping to make a left turn or pulling out from a side road. Distracted drivers fail more often to recognize potential hazards such as pedestrians, bicyclists or debris in the road. Distracted Drivers also decrease their "margin of safety", leading them to take risks they might not otherwise take, such as turning left in front of oncoming traffic. Inattention and failure to yield are the most common driver contributing actions in pedestrian and bicycle motor vehicle crashes in Vermont.

Exhaust System

The exhaust system must not leak. Leaking exhausts have often caused carbon monoxide poisoning or death by allowing carbon monoxide gas to enter the passenger 62 area of the vehicle. You cannot smell carbon monoxide gas. If you become drowsy or nauseous, it could indicate carbon monoxide poisoning.

Safety Belts

The law requires all occupants of a motor vehicle to be restrained with a safety belt, or a federally approved child passenger restraining system

Speedometer and Odometer

The speedometer and odometer in your vehicle must be working properly and must be where the driver can see them. Federal law states that the numbers on an odometer must not be altered and an odometer statement must be signed by the seller and purchaser when the vehicle is sold.

Entering the Parking Space

When approaching the parking space, check your rearview mirror and signal right. Stop alongside the front vehicle, two to three feet away. Shift to reverse. Check for traffic and pedestrians in all directions before backing. Look over your left shoulder to check the blind spot. Using the pictures below as a guide, maneuver your vehicle into the space. There are several methods to accomplish this. All methods require steering fully right to fully left and looking through the rear window while backing slowly. Slowly pull forward to center vehicle in space.

Tweens - age 8 and older

When children outgrow their booster seats, they can use the adult seat belt in the back seat, if it fits properly (lap belt lays snuggly across the hips in contact with the pelvic bones and the shoulder belt fits across the chest in contact with the sternum).

Toddlers - Age 1 & 20 lbs to Age 4 & 40 lbs

When children outgrow their rear-facing seats they are required to ride in forward-facing child safety seats, in the back seat, until they reach the upper weight or height limit of the particular seat.

Wearing Your Safety Belt

When wearing a safety belt (or seat belt) you are less likely to be injured or killed in a collision. Safety belts make it easier to sit in a safe, comfortable position for better control of the vehicle; safety belts hold you in the position motor vehicle makers intended you to be. Safety belts are most effective when used properly. Lap belts should fit snugly across the hips, not over the stomach. Shoulder belts go over the shoulder and across the center of the chest. Seatbelt extensions are available from the vehicle manufacturer. Never tuck a shoulder belt under your arm or behind your back. Safety belts are designed to cross your body at its strongest points in order to keep you safe in a motor vehicle crash. Safety belts keep you inside the vehicle, in one position, rather than being thrown out of the vehicle where the instances of death and serious injury are much greater. The use of safety belts keep occupants in one position within the vehicle where the chances of injury from other occupants is also limited in a crash.

THE ROAD (SKILLS) TEST

When you take the licensing road test the examiner will watch to see if you can drive a motor vehicle safely, courteously and correctly. You must also demonstrate you understand and can follow the rules of the road.

Turning Around

When you take your driving test, you will be required to demonstrate the following procedure for turning around, using a side street. 1. As you approach the side street on your right as instructed by the examiner, reduce speed and check for traffic in all directions. Turn on your directional light so other drivers will know what you are doing. Drive just past the street and stop about 18 inches from the curb or edge of the road. Shift into reverse. Check for traffic in all directions before backing. Be sure to check your blind spots. 58 2. When the side street is clear, back slowly into it. Be careful to keep on your own side of the street. Look mostly through the rear window while backing. Stop backing when your vehicle is all the way into the side street beyond any crosswalks or stop lines. 3. Before you turn back out on to the street, signal left and shift to drive. When there are no vehicles coming, make a proper left turn to complete the turnaround. Always look in back of you and back the vehicle slowly. Never back across an intersection. Remember, when you are backing your vehicle you are responsible for traffic in all directions! Note: There are several other options for turning your vehicle around. The choice you make depends on traffic conditions and whether or not it is legal. Going around the block or using a parking lot is the safest option.

Stopping and Starting On a Hill

When you take your road test, the examiner will have you stop and start on a hill. You will be instructed to drive to the right side of the road, stop, and then set your parking/emergency brake and shift to neutral. Be sure to signal right to tell others what you are doing. The parking/emergency brake must hold the vehicle from rolling back. Before driving up the hill, put the vehicle in gear. Signal left. Check your mirrors, and left blind spot to be sure that traffic is clear. Accelerate gently until you feel the vehicle want to move and then release the parking brake to prevent any roll back, and look over your left shoulder once again before driving out. You should be able to drive up the hill without rolling back. NOTE: You may need to stop on a hill for a stop sign, traffic light, or an emergency such as a dog running into the street. To prevent a rollback when starting on a hill, a driver can use any of these following techniques: • Quickly move your foot from the brake to the gas. • Set your parking/emergency brake. Move your right foot to the gas. Apply the gas lightly and carefully release the parking/emergency brake to continue up the hill. NOTE: When driving downhill, you should not coast with the clutch to the floor or the gearshift in neutral.

Crash Reports

You can get a Vermont Crash Report at any Vermont Police Department or by contacting the Department of Motor Vehicles, 120 State Street, Montpelier, VT 05603, by phone at 802.828.2000, on line or at a DMV office. These are some things you should note carefully if you have a crash. 1. Exactly where it happened. 2. In a city, note the names of the streets if the crash was at an intersection, or the number of the nearest house to the crash. 3. Outside cities, locations are more difficult to identify but are just as important. 4. Find out the name of the nearest town, the route number or the name of the road you are on, and the name of and how far it is to the nearest crossroad. Note how far it is from something such as a telephone pole (if it has a number), end of bridge, farm house, railroad crossing or nearest number of the Interstate. 5. Mile markers can be used to pinpoint the exact location of a crash scene. Use this information to help the police when reporting a crash. 6. Time of crash. 7. Explain what damage occurred. 8. Explain what injuries were sustained in the crash. 9. Get the name, address, license and registration numbers of the other driver. It is also good to get the names and addresses of the persons in the other motor vehicle and all persons who saw the crash. If you have a crash with another vehicle, the other driver has the right to see your license, registration and insurance information. Note: If a Vermont driver has a crash in another state, it must be reported in the state where the crash happened

Green Arrow:

You may turn in the direction of the arrow. Vehicles turning in the direction of the arrow have the right of way, but you should still proceed with caution.

Windshield Wipers

You must have windshield wipers which work properly. Keep your windshield clean, as it improves your vision both for day and nighttime driving

Lights

Your headlights must be kept working properly. Headlights working properly and used properly show that the driver is thinking of the safety of other drivers. If your headlights are dim, aimed too low, or dirty, you will not be able to see as far ahead as you should. If the lights are aimed too high or do not go to low beam when a vehicle comes toward you, your headlights may blind the other driver. Tail lights, stop lights, directional lights, and parking lights should always be working properly. The back license plate must be lighted so it can be seen and read at least 50 feet from the back of the vehicle. When bulbs burn out, they should be replaced right away with the manufacturer's recommended replacements.

YOU MUST TAKE PROPER CARE OF YOUR VEHICLES Inspection

Your vehicle must be inspected once a year. Inspection makes sure that your vehicle is checked at least once a year, but you must keep it running properly at all times. If your vehicle is not running properly, you may be found at fault in case of a crash. The inspection sticker indicates when you have to get the next inspection. All motor vehicles have to be inspected within 15 days of registration, unless bearing a valid Vermont inspection sticker. The following equipment should be safe, in good working order, and properly adjusted:

see diagram

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Parallel Parking You will also be required to parallel park during your road test.

see page 57

Cell Phones and other Electronic Devices

• It is against the law for drivers to read or send messages while driving. • It is against the law for drivers to use a portable electronic device while operating a motor vehicle on a public highway in Vermont, including while the vehicle is stationary • A person who violates this law shall be subject to a fine of not less than $100.00 and not more than $200.00 for a first violation, and of not less than $250.00 and not more than $500.00 for a second or subsequent violation. • A person convicted of violating this section while operating within a properly designated work zone in which construction, maintenance, or utility personnel are 57 present shall have two points assessed against his or her driving record for a first conviction and five points assessed for a second or subsequent conviction. • Recognize that driving requires your full attention. • If a call needs to be made, ask a passenger in the vehicle to place the call for you or stop at a safe place before making your call. • Don't answer your cell phone. Let the caller leave a message, and return calls when stopped at a safe location. • Secure your phone in the vehicle so that it does not become a projectile in a crash.

Driver Responsibilities

Drive slowly and remain alert in areas where pedestrians are present. When a vehicle ahead of you stops for a pedestrian, do not pass the stopped vehicle even if there are two lanes provided. This is a frequent cause of death for pedestrians. Watch for pedestrians who are walking against a red light, stepping into traffic from between parked vehicles and crossing in locations where there is not a marked crosswalk. Even when pedestrians cross the street carelessly, the driver must yield. Do not block a crosswalk when stopped or waiting to make a turn. Blocking a crosswalk with all or part of your vehicle forces pedestrians to go around you and puts them in a potentially dangerous situation. Watch for pedestrians whenever you cross a sidewalk or road shoulder, such as entering or leaving an alley, driveway or private road. Use caution when children are playing in or near the street. Children often move quickly and do not check for traffic. Use caution in the presence of elderly pedestrians. They may not be alert to the dangers of traffic situations. Do not stop to pick up hitchhikers on the Interstate or the ramps. Use extra caution when approaching a blind pedestrian. When a pedestrian who has a white cane or is being led by a guide dog is crossing or waiting to cross the street ahead of you, you must stop and yield the right-of-way. When you are turning, look for and yield to pedestrians crossing side streets. Many intersections with signals have "No Turn On Red" signs that light up during pedestrian crossing times. Do not turn right on red when the signs are lit. Remember: DO NOT turn right on a red arrow. At marked crosswalks, a pedestrian sign may be placed on the road to remind drivers that they are required to yield to pedestrians within crosswalks.

Where Should I Start Driving?

A person with a Learner's permit should first practice driving in an empty parking lot or on roads that do not have much traffic. It is important to develop basic car control before driving in areas that are busy. As your skills improve, you may drive on roads where there is more traffic. Because you may be driving more slowly than most other drivers, you may be creating a hazard. If traffic is backing up behind you, you are required by law to pull over to the side of the road, when it is safe to do so, and allow following vehicles to go by. This makes driving safer for them, and for you—you will be more relaxed without the pressure of vehicles behind you.

RULES OF THE ROAD AT RAILROAD CROSSINGS

It is against the law to drive your vehicle through, around, or under a closed railroad gate. It is also against the law to pass another vehicle at a railroad crossing. The driver of every vehicle shall drive at a safe, reduced speed when approaching and crossing any public or private railroad grade crossing. By law, drivers must STOP not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail when: 1. Flashing lights, lowered gates, or a flagman signals the approach or passage of a railroad train. 2. You see a train or hear its whistle. 3. When there is a STOP sign at the crossing. After bringing the vehicle to a full STOP when required in the above cases, the motor vehicle may be driven across the tracks when it is safe to do so. NOTE: Pedestrians, bicyclists, and moped riders also must observe railroad warning signals and may not cross railroad tracks until it is safe to do so.

How to Control a Vehicle in a Skid

The best approach to recovering from a skid is the same for both front and rear-wheel drive vehicles: Don't hit the brakes, it will just make the skid worse. Steer in the direction you want the vehicle to go. You might have to steer left and right a few times to get your vehicle completely under control.

Parking on Hills

When parking on a hill, you must be sure your vehicle will not roll out into traffic. Always turn the front wheels and set the parking brake to prevent the vehicle from rolling downhill. (The procedures for uphill and downhill parking pictured here apply to parking on the right side of the street or roadway).

Driver Responsibilities

Share the road with bicyclists; they have a legal right to ride on the road. Drivers must be courteous and cautious even if it takes a little longer. Be aware that bicyclists are allowed to ride as far to the left as needed, when necessary to be safe. In some instances it is safest for a bicyclist to "take the lane" by riding toward the center of the lane. There may be reasons for the bicyclist to be riding in the travel lane, such as roadway hazards not visible to motorists, or to position themselves correctly in the proper travel lane. Learn to recognize situations and obstacles which may be hazardous to cyclists, such as potholes, drain grates, railroad tracks and narrow bridges or roadways. Give them adequate space to maneuver. Be aware that when a bicyclist is making a left turn, the cyclist should signal and move to the left side of the lane or into the turning lane. This is the proper maneuver 42 and the cyclist should be allowed to safely complete the turn before being overtaken by motor vehicle traffic. Leave at least four feet of passing space between the right side of your vehicle and a bicyclist. If the road is too narrow for motor vehicles and bicycles to ride safely side by side, wait until it is safe to pass the bicyclist without forcing them off the side of the road. Be aware that two bicyclists may legally ride side by side. Slow down until it is safe to pass, or give them time to adjust their position. Even then, do not pass the bicyclists until it is safe. When turning left at an intersection, yield to oncoming bicyclists just as you would yield to oncoming motorists. Bicyclists may be traveling faster than you realize, so give them adequate space.

Right-of-way

1. A driver on any road must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians, bicyclists and other traffic already in the intersection. 2. When nearing an intersection marked with a "yield right-of-way" sign, you are required to travel at a speed slow enough to be able to stop if necessary. Enter only when the way is clear. 3. At a four-way stop, the first vehicle to arrive should have the right-of-way. 4. When two vehicles approach a four-way stop intersection at approximately the same time, coming from different directions, the driver on the left should yield the right-of-way to the driver on the right. 5. If you are turning left, you must yield to all oncoming traffic. Any vehicle coming toward you, whether it is a motor vehicle or a bicyclist, has the right of way. 6. A driver who is approaching the road from a driveway, alley, parking lot, or T-intersection must yield the right-of-way to all traffic on the road. 7. Before entering any intersection, you must always search in all directions. Be sure you have a clear path before entering the intersection.

Safe Driving on the Interstate

1. Keep your eyes moving to know what is going on around you, and check your mirrors often. 2. Don't tailgate. The easiest way to tell if you are a safe distance from the vehicle ahead of you is to use the 4-second distance rule. If the road is wet or slippery you will need additional space. 52 3. Let other drivers know what you are going to do before you do it. Never slow down or change lanes suddenly. Frequent lane changes are unsafe. 4. Before changing lanes or passing, check your mirrors, signal, and check blind spots in the direction in which you intend to move. 5. Never stop in the traffic lane. It is illegal to stop on an interstate unless it is an emergency. If you must stop for an emergency, move into the breakdown lane and as far to the right as possible. If you need help, raise the hood of your vehicle, tie a white cloth on the vehicle, and stay in your vehicle. 6. You should drive in the right lane unless you are passing another vehicle or a sign indicates otherwise. 7. Do not drive when tired. Driving when tired is a major cause of crashes on interstates. If you do become tired, it is important that you stop and rest in a safe area as soon as possible. 8. Icy and snow covered interstates and their ramps can be very dangerous. Remember to slow down and drive with care. Also, bridges may be more slippery than the main road. 9. If you miss your exit ramp, never stop and back up. Go on to the next exit. 10. Never use cruise control in driving conditions such as rain, fog, snow, etc 11. When you are approaching any law enforcement, emergency or repair vehicle with a flashing light on the side of the road, slow down. The law says you must proceed with caution and make a lane change away from the emergency vehicle as soon as it is safe to do so. What does it indicate if, while driving on a divided highway, the edge of the highway to your right is painted yellow? You are going the WRONG WAY on a divided highway or Interstate. On a divided highway the line to your right should be white.

Follow These Steps for Four-Second Safety Spacing

1. The vehicle ahead is about to pass a checkpoint such as a sign, driveway, pole, or parked vehicle. 30 2. Start counting seconds as the rear of that vehicle passes the checkpoint. 3. Stop counting when your vehicle reaches the checkpoint. If it takes less than four seconds for your vehicle to reach that point, you are following too closely and must increase your following distance. If it takes four or more seconds to pass the checkpoint, you have a safe following distance. NOTE: An easy method to count seconds is to count "one thousand one, one thousand two."

Moose and Deer Safety

A collision with a moose or deer can be fatal not only to the animal, but to the driver and passengers of a vehicle. Driving cautiously in those areas on the highway marked with deer and moose crossing signs can save lives and prevent injuries. The presence of moose and deer on highways is most likely to occur during late evening, night time and early morning hours. Use caution when driving during those hours when deer and moose tend to roam or feed. The light from vehicle headlights may cause a deer to temporarily freeze and be unable to get out of the way of a vehicle, or it may bound at speeds up to 40 miles per hour towards their habitat. This means that if a deer is on the opposite side of the road from its habitat, it may turn and bolt in front of a vehicle. Animals travel in pairs, so be prepared to see a second one once you see the first. Collisions with moose are more deadly to motorists. Moose weigh much more than deer—more than a thousand pounds. Also, they are much taller than deer, and in a 47 collision can land on top of the vehicle and its occupants with crushing force. Deer eyes reflect headlights. Because moose are taller, their eyes may not reflect in the vehicle's headlights. Also, moose are more darkly colored than deer. These characteristics make moose especially difficult to see in the evening hours.

A Visual Search Pattern

A driver should be constantly looking for potential hazards, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and other vulnerable users. A visual search pattern is an orderly way to search for hazards in all directions. A repeating search pattern can help the driver notice changing road conditions as well as changes in and around their intended path of travel.

Roundabouts

A roundabout is a one way traffic circle designed to keep traffic moving. It also reduces delays, crashes, fuel consumption, air pollution, and construction and maintenance costs. Traffic flows counterclockwise. In some situations roundabouts can handle motor vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists more safely than stop signs or traffic signals. You must yield the right of way to vehicles already in the traffic circle. Enter a roundabout only when there is a safe gap in traffic. Like all intersections, you must also yield to pedestrians and bicyclists when entering or exiting a roundabout. Always use your directional signals to show your intention. If the roundabout is more than one lane, you should be in the right lane to exit.

Sharing the Road with Slow Moving Vehicles

A slow moving vehicle, such as a tractor or other piece of large farm machinery is unable to travel at highway speed. It is identified by an orange and red triangular sign mounted on the rear of the vehicle. These signs help motorists recognize the vehicle ahead more quickly. The sooner you can identify a slow moving vehicle the more time you have to respond by reducing your speed. Slow moving vehicles may make wide turns at unmarked entrances to the right or left of the roadway. Some farm equipment is wider than the road itself. Some wagons, or equipment, may sway on the roadway and you might not be able to see the driver. When driving a slow moving vehicle causes traffic delays, it may pull over to the side of the road, if and when it is possible and safe to do so, in order to let others go by safely. Agricultural vehicle operators have a right to drive their vehicles on the road. Keep a safe following distance behind slow moving vehicles so the operator can see you, or you can see them, if possible. It may be necessary to allow for more than a four second following distance. Yield to wide equipment on narrow roads. Pass slow moving vehicles cautiously, and only if conditions are safe, and there is no on-coming traffic. Be patient and be alert to possible turning vehicles. Share the road safely with large and slow moving vehicles.Watch "Keeping our Rural Roads Safe in Vermont".

STOP

A stop sign has 8 sides. It means you must stop scan the intersection, honor the right of way, and then proceed. REMEMBER: You are required to stop before the stop line, crosswalk (marked or unmarked) or the intersecting road, whichever comes first.

WORK ZONE SAFETY

A work zone is an area along a highway where there is construction, maintenance, or utility work. A work zone may be stationary, or it may be a mobile operation that moves down the road slowly, as in the case of line striping, mowing, and snow removal. For your safety, and for the workers' safety, it is important that drivers slow down and pay extra attention when approaching and driving through a work zone. Many crashes occur before the actual work area, where drivers are slowing down and/or merging. Be courteous, and merge into the appropriate lane as soon as it is safe to do so. Most crashes in work zones are rear end crashes that are caused by driving too fast for conditions and failing to maintain a safe following distance. Remember that stopped traffic may be hidden around a curve or over a hill.

Aggressive Drivers

Aggressive drivers may not be thinking about the consequences of their actions when they drive too fast and pass when it is unsafe. They may fail to use signals for lane changes and may weave in and out of traffic, follow too closely and cut off cars as they try to get ahead. All these actions are unlawful and can result in traffic tickets or worse. Aggressive drivers may also yell, honk their horns and flash their lights at other drivers. If an aggressive driver cuts you off or does something else that is unsafe, do not try to get even. Stay calm. Get out of the drivers way. Don't challenge them. Trying to get even with the aggressive driver is a bad idea.

54 What Does Alcohol Do To Your Driving Skills?

Alcohol is a drug; it can and will affect your driving. When alcohol has been consumed, the decisions that you make may very well be faulty. Alcohol may appear to give you a lift; it does not. It does affect your thought process. Alcohol, in fact, is a depressant; it will affect you in the following ways: Judgment- You may no longer be able to make good decisions about driving. You may think you are fine, but you are not aware of the risks you may be taking. Vision - Your overall vision may be greatly reduced. Concentration - Your mind wanders and you can't concentrate. Understanding - Your comprehension level about what is happening around you will suffer. You may not realize what you are doing. Feelings (Senses) - Your feelings are suppressed; you don't feel speed so you won't realize that you could be speeding. Reaction time - It will take you longer to react and move your foot from the gas pedal to the brake. This slowed-down reaction time can be the difference between arriving safely or not arriving at all. Time is the only way to reduce the effects of alcohol. Drinking coffee, taking a cold shower or running around will not sober a person up. It takes at least an hour per drink for the alcohol and its effects to be processed out of your body. This means you may have to wait several hours to reduce the affects of alcohol to enable you to drive safely.

Pedestrian Responsibilities

Although drivers must yield to pedestrians, pedestrians must not suddenly leave a curb or other safe waiting place and walk into the path of a vehicle if it is so close that it is an immediate hazard. Vehicles cannot stop at once. Pedestrians should be aware of the following safety rules and suggestions: Look in both directions before crossing any street. Always obey "Walk" or "Don't Walk" signs. Do not start to cross while the pedestrian signal is flashing "Don't Walk". If you have already started to cross during the "walk" signal, you will have time to safely complete your crossing during the flashing "Don't Walk". When facing a yellow or red light, do not cross unless a "Walk" sign is showing. If there are no pedestrian signals, cross when the light turns green for the traffic going in the same direction. Watch for turning vehicles. When there are sidewalks, pedestrians should not walk on or along the highway. If there are no sidewalks, you should walk as far as possible to the left side of the road facing traffic. Use crosswalks. The main purpose of crosswalks is to encourage pedestrians to cross only at certain locations where crossings can be made safely. When walking at dusk or at night, wear light colored or reflective clothing and carry a light. Don't wear headphones, especially in busy areas. Being able to hear approaching traffic adds to your safety.

Wide Turn

Always look for the truck's turn signals. Truck drivers often need to swing wide to the left in order to make a right turn. They cannot see vehicles directly behind or beside them. Do not cut in between the truck and the curb or shoulder to the right; this increases the possibility of a crash.

Anti-lock Brakes

Anti-lock brakes are an important breakthrough in safety. They allow you to brake and steer at the same time. Expect noise and vibration in the brake pedal. Don't pump the brake or take your foot off the brake pedal because it will disengage the anti-lock system. Your owner's manual will tell you if your vehicle has ABS. Also, an ABS warning light will display briefly on your instrument panel when you start your vehicle. Note: If your ABS light stays on after you begin to drive, your vehicle's ABS system is not working. However, the vehicle does still have brakes.

Children at Play

As a driver, be extra careful in residential areas and at times and places where children are likely to be present. Teach your own children the rights and duties of pedestrians at an early age. Always be extra watchful when backing in or out of a driveway. Children may run behind or be playing behind your vehicle.

Right Turns

At the approach to a right turn the vehicle should be about three feet from the right side of the road. Do not swing your vehicle to the left before turning right. Signal 3 to 5 seconds in advance to warn others of your intention to turn. Then as you gradually slow down, check the mirror to see that the driver of the vehicle behind you has understood your signal. Search the intersection left, front, and right before starting to make your turn. Always remain alert for the presence of bicyclists or pedestrians on the right side of the road as you make your turn. You must yield to any pedestrian or bicyclist. Make your turn close to the right side of your lane. After completing your turn, check your rearview mirror and center your vehicle in the lane. Well ahead of the turn, look for any following vehicles and move over to the right side of your lane. Signal 3 to 5 seconds before turn and begin slowing down. Search the intersection left, front, right and quickly left again just before starting your turn. Keep close to right while turning. After completing turn, check mirror, and center vehicle in your lane. NOTE: If you are turning into a street with more than one lane going in your direction, turn into the nearest lane. Then follow the basic rule of driving on a multilane road: Drive to the right unless you are passing or turning.

School Zones

Be particularly alert at all times for children and pedestrians in a school zone. Also watch for school buses which may be arriving and departing. Signs or flashing lights warn you that you are approaching a school or school crossing. Many school zones have lower speed limits, and the speed limit signs will have the words "when flashing" or "when children are present" to let you know when the speed limit is in effect. Note that 40 regular school hours are not the only time children are present at schools. After school and weekend activities often take place at schools.

Sharing the Road with Domestic Animals

Be very cautious any time that animals are on the roadway. When coming up to a horse, cow, or other animal on the road the driver shall drive slowly so as not to scare the animal. Some animals may be startled or scared more easily than others. It is especially important to use extreme caution when approaching a horse and rider. Avoid any action that might scare the animal and put the rider at risk of injury. Slow down, move away from the horse, and do not honk your horn or accelerate in a manner that might startle it.

Bicyclists Responsibilities

Bicyclists are valid road users and have all the rights and responsibilities of other vehicle drivers. Although a license isn't required to ride a bicycle, bicyclists must obey all the rules of the road. Bicyclists are allowed to ride two abreast so long as they do not impede the normal and reasonable flow of traffic. Obey the following rules for a safe and legal cycling experience: Obey all traffic signals and signs. If you break any traffic laws, you are subject to a ticket and fines. Ride with traffic. Always ride with through traffic on the right side of the road. If you approach a right turn lane and intend to go straight, do not enter the right turn lane. Ride in a predictable manner. Always ride in a straight line; do not weave in and out of parked cars. If the road is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel side by side, the bicyclist should occupy the lane until it is safe to move back to the right. Check over your shoulder before changing your lane position and do not weave between parked vehicles. Signaling turns. You must always signal your intent to turn, using the proper hand signals. Look to make sure lanes are clear of traffic before you make a lane change or turn.

Railroad Crossing

Circular signs with a large X and the letters RR indicate there is a railroad crossing ahead

Channeling Devices

Cones, drums, and barricades are often used in work zones to keep traffic out of hazardous roadwork areas and to guide traffic safely through the work zone.

Crossbuck

Crossbuck signs are at all railroad crossings. They indicate where the tracks are. Slow down, look both ways, and listen for trains before crossing. The smaller signs below the crossbuck indicate how many tracks there are at the crossing. When there are 2 or more tracks, one train passing might hide a train coming the other way. There may also be gates and/or flashing lights.

SHARING THE ROAD Sharing the Road with Pedestrians

Drivers must watch carefully for pedestrians. Be especially alert for young, elderly, disabled or intoxicated pedestrians. They are the most frequent victims in motor vehicle/ pedestrian collisions. Many crashes are the result of pedestrians not paying attention to or entering traffic carelessly, while other crashes are caused by drivers who fail to yield the right-of-way or do not use caution when pedestrians are present.

Other Drugs

Driving after taking other drugs or narcotics (even from prescription and over-the-counter) can be just as deadly as alcohol, even more so for some persons. Drugs may cause you to become sleepy and keep you from thinking or acting properly. Feeling this way while driving a vehicle sets you up for death on the highway. Again, time is the only way to reduce the effects of any drug. If you are convicted of DUI, or driving after taking drugs, your license will be suspended. You must pay a large fine, you may go to jail and your insurance will increase. Vermont has an "Implied Consent" Law - This means that when a person gets a license, that person is agreeing to say "yes" when asked to take a test to see how much alcohol or other drugs are in the person's body. A police officer may ask a driver to take the test if the officer thinks the driver is impaired by alcohol or other drugs. If the driver refuses he/she must lose his/her driver's license for at least 6 months. NOTE: Vermont has an administrative suspension process, which means that you can lose your license through a civil process before a criminal DUI conviction. THINK BEFORE YOU DRINK! If you are going to drink, make plans before you start Use a designated driver. A designated driver agrees not to drink or use other drugs, and is responsible for getting the others home safely. Call a parent, or other responsible person to arrange a safe ride home. Arrange to stay overnight where you are, if it is safe to do so. 55 Listen to your friends. If they warn you about not driving, take their concern seriously. Before you begin drinking, give your vehicle keys to a friend who does not drink, and who will not let you drive after drinking. Time is the only way to reduce the effects of alcohol. It takes at least an hour per drink for the alcohol and its effects to be processed out of your body. This means you may have to wait several hours to reduce the affects of alcohol to enable you to drive safely. Drinking coffee, taking a shower, exercising, etc., cannot reduce your BAC or the effects of alcohol. The Vermont Emergency Nurses Association (ENCARE) sponsors the installation of signs at the site of alcohol related fatal crashes. When you see one of these signs, it means someone died at that location because of a drunk driver. If you are concerned by your drinking, you may attend the CRASH school nearest you (for little or no cost). Project CRASH would like you to come to CRASH school before you are arrested for DUI, rather than after. After your arrest, you may have to go to CRASH school at your own expense. FOR INFORMATION REGARDING CRASH: Call 802.651.1574 or visit Project Crash.

Sharing the Road with Large Trucks

Each year there are more than 250,000 crashes involving passenger vehicles and large trucks. In more than 70% of fatal crashes involving automobiles and trucks, it was the driver of the other vehicle, not the truck driver, who caused the crash. Most crashes involving automobiles and trucks occur in daylight on straight and dry pavement under good weather conditions. Trucks are much bigger and heavier than other vehicles. In four out of five fatal crashes involving trucks, the driver of the other vehicle was killed. Many of these crashes could be avoided if motorists knew about truck limitations and how to steer clear of unsafe situations involving trucks.

Drowsy Driving

Each year, many crashes occur because the driver falls asleep at the wheel. This may result in a head on crash with another vehicle, a tree or other roadside object. Drowsy drivers can drive so poorly they may appear to be drunk. Some signs of drowsy driving are: Having problems focusing or keeping your eyes open Yawning repeatedly Not remembering the last few miles you drove Drifting out of the travel lane Missing traffic signs People most at risk of drowsy driving are those who drive after not having enough sleep. Often this includes young people, shift workers and people who work very long hours. It also includes people who may or may not realize they have a sleep disorder. Drivers may know they are tired but believe they can stay awake. Unfortunately, instead of staying awake they may fall asleep and crash. Avoid driving when drowsy. If you become drowsy while you're on the road, find a safe place to pull over and stop. Opening your window and turning up your radio will not keep you awake. In fact, when you start trying to find a way to stay awake, that should be a sure sign you need to stop and rest.

Stopping Your Vehicle

Even when road and vehicle conditions are ideal, and the driver is perfectly alert, it takes a great distance to stop a motor vehicle. To stop your vehicle, four things must happen: 1. You must see and recognize the danger and the need to stop. 28 2. Your brain must tell your foot to step on the brakes. 3. Your foot must move to the brake pedal and operate the brake. 4. Your brakes must work correctly.

Flashing arrow panels

Flashing arrow panels may also be used to guide drivers into the correct lane. When the arrows are not in use, the panels are put in "caution" mode, with a straight line of blinking lights, or blinking lights on the 4 corners of the sign. Drivers should slow down when they see the panels in "caution" mode. Work zones may have temporary pavement markings. White markers or lines separate lanes going in the same direction. Yellow markers or lines separate lanes going in opposite directions. The yellow markings will be on your left-- if they are not, you are in the wrong lane.

Common Vehicle-caused Collisions with Bicycles

Four common errors could cause you to strike a bicyclist: 1. Turning left without noticing/yielding to an oncoming bicyclist. 2. Turning right at an intersection or driveway without checking for a bicyclist on the right who is continuing straight ahead or coming off a sidewalk. 3. Entering or crossing a street without checking for a bicyclist in the street or on the sidewalk. 4. Opening a vehicle door into the path of a bicyclist.

Highway Markings

Highway markings provide important information to drivers. They help a driver correctly position their vehicle, help direct them through various situations, let them know when passing is allowed and warn drivers of upcoming conditions. Major highways are marked with yellow center lines which serve two purposes: Center lines divide a highway into travel lanes. Multi-lane highways without a median have double solid lines to indicate the two opposing lanes of travel. When two or 36 more lanes of travel are permitted in the same direction, a broken white line is used to divide each side of the highway into separate lanes for vehicles traveling in the same direction. The lines show if you may or may not pass. If there is a solid line or two solid lines, it is recommended that you do not pass. If there is a solid line but a broken line in your lane, you may pass if it is clear ahead. If there is a solid line in your lane but a broken line in the other lane, you should not pass, but the motor vehicle in the other lane may pass. Continuous two-way left turn lanes are not designed to be used as travel lanes since traffic moving in both directions may want to use the lane to make a left hand turn. A short distance prior to your left turn, you should signal and carefully move into the turning lane. So that you don't block traffic, all of your vehicle should be in the turn lane. When the way is clear, proceed with your turn. Sometimes highway markings provide additional information to the driver. For example, at a yield intersection, there may be a yield sign beside the highway and there may also be a yield line painted on the highway. This series of white triangles, pointing toward approaching cars, shows drivers where they should stop, if they are required to yield to pedestrians or other vehicles.

Four Seconds - A Safe Following Distance

How do you know if you are driving too close to the vehicle in front of you? Using the following method, you should have enough space between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you in case you must stop quickly. However, if you are driving in poor road conditions or when visibility is poor, you should allow more than four seconds of following distance. The distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you should be determined by speed and existing conditions.

Approaching Headlights

If you look directly at oncoming lights, you could be blinded for several seconds. To avoid being temporarily blinded, you should look ahead towards the right edge of the highway until the bright lights have gone by and your vision has returned to normal. This practice will also help you detect bicyclists or pedestrians who may be close to the edge of the road.

Emergency, Police and Maintenance Vehicles

If you see or hear a vehicle with flashing blue or red signal lights and/or sounding a siren, approaching from any direction, the law says you must pull over to the right side of the road and stop. You must remain stopped until the emergency or law enforcement vehicle has gone by. If you see a police vehicle with flashing blue lights, or an emergency vehicle with flashing red lights, which is stopped, you must always proceed with caution (slow down). If you are on a four lane highway, such as an Interstate, the law also requires you to make a lane change if you can do so safely. ("Move Over Law") The law also requires drivers yield the right of way to any state, city or town maintenance vehicle working on a highway. For example, a driver approaching a snowplow with lights flashing must proceed with caution and yield the right of way. NOTE: Towing and repair vehicles usually have amber-colored flashing lights. You must use the same caution and procedures described above when you approach these stopped vehicles.

INTERSTATE DRIVING

Interstates are multiple-lane, divided roads designed for high speed travel. In various areas they are known as expressways, throughways, turnpikes, toll roads or freeways. Some are free, and some require payment of a toll. They all have several important advantages. They are multi-lane and controlled-access roads upon which you may drive for very long distances without interruption. These roads are designed for quicker and safer travel. It is important that you learn to use these roads properly.

Night Driving

It is more dangerous to drive at night than in the daytime because you cannot see as far ahead at night. The law requires headlights on vehicles to be turned on a half hour after sunset to a half hour before sunrise. Be sure to turn on your headlights—your daytime running lights may give you the impression that your headlights are on. You always need to be able to see 4 seconds ahead. When driving at night at 40 miles an hour, with low beam headlights, you are "overdriving your headlights". This means that you cannot see far enough ahead to stop in the space you can see, and you may not be able to avoid a collision.

Passing

It takes longer to pass a large truck. You should maintain a consistent speed when passing. Be sure you can see the cab of the truck in your inside rearview mirror before returning to the right lane. When vehicles pull in front of a truck too soon, the truck driver may have to act quickly to avoid a crash.

WATCH BLIND SPOTS—THE "NO-ZONES"

Large trucks have blind spots, or No-Zones, around the front, back and sides of the truck. A truck could even turn into you, because these No-Zones make it difficult for the driver to see. Don't hang out in the No-Zones. Remember, if you can't see the trucks rear (side) view mirrors then the truck driver can't see you.

Left Turns

Many crashes take place when one motor vehicle is turning left. Most of these collisions would not happen if the driver made the turn properly. Upon approaching an intersection at which you wish to make a left turn, you must signal 3 to 5 seconds in advance to warn others of your intention to turn. Then as you gradually slow down, check the rear view mirror to see that the driver of the vehicle behind you has understood your signal. Be sure no bicyclist or motor vehicle behind you is trying to pass on your left. On a multilane road, always make sure you're in the left lane well in advance of the turn. Never move suddenly from the right lane to the left lane. When you reach your turn, wait until there are no oncoming vehicles before making your turn. Position your vehicle within one foot of the centerline, if it is safe to do so. Keep your wheels straight until you are ready to turn - that way you will not be pushed into oncoming traffic if you are hit from behind. Any oncoming motor vehicle or bicyclist has the right-of-way. Always remember to look for pedestrians who may be crossing the street you are going to turn into. If pedestrians are present you must yield the right-of-way to them. When the road is clear, make your turn at the proper speed and keep to the right of the center line. After completing your turn, check the rearview mirror and center your vehicle in the lane. Well ahead of turn, look for any following vehicles and move within one foot of the center line giving signal if needed for moving over. 29 Signal 3 to 5 seconds before turn and begin slowing down. Search the intersection right, front, and left before starting to make turn. Enter street just to right of center line. After completing turn, check rearview mirror and center vehicle in your lane.

Skidding

Most skids are caused by the driver's failure to react in time to adjust the vehicle's speed to road and traffic conditions. These conditions may include snow, ice, rain, dirt/gravel, and wet leaves. Do not use cruise control in these situations. In a rear-wheel drive vehicle, you can usually feel a loss of traction or the beginning of a skid. There may be no such warning in a front-wheel drive, however. Front-wheel drives do handle better in snow, but they do not have flawless traction, and skids can occur unexpectedly. Don't let the better feel and handling of a front-wheel drive vehicle cause you to drive faster than you should.

HAZARDOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS Floods and Storms

Nationally, flash floods are responsible for more deaths than any other weather event. Nearly half of these fatalities are vehicle related. Storms, blizzards and other severe weather systems create hazardous driving conditions such as, high winds, limited visibility, slippery roads, and other unexpected hazards. When hazardous driving conditions are predicted, it's best to stay home and avoid unnecessary travel. However, if you are caught out in a storm or come upon a hazardous situation, you should do the following: Reduce your speed. Do not use cruise control. Stay alert. Keep more than four seconds of space between you and the motor vehicle in front of you. Be especially alert at night or when driving on unfamiliar roads. Be aware that bridges, culverts, and roadbeds may be washed away or undermined by flood waters. Do not drive around traffic barricades or past "road closed" signs. Obey all detour signs. Do not drive where water is over the road. The depth of water is not always obvious and the water may hide danger such as washouts. As little as 6 inches of water may cause you to lose control of your vehicle. Vehicle motors will stall in water, and you could become stranded or trapped. If your vehicle stalls in a flooded area, abandon it as soon as possible. Flood waters can rise rapidly and sweep away a car and its occupants. Many deaths have resulted from attempts to move stalled vehicles. If you choose to abandon your vehicle in a flooded area, respect the forces of running water. As little as 4 inches of water can make it difficult to walk and can obstruct hazards from view. Wind can be a problem for all motorists. It is especially hazardous for large vehicles and for drivers towing trailers. Driving at slower speeds is the best practice. Be aware that strong winds and heavy snow or ice may cause trees and wires to fall into the roadway. Never get near or cross downed wires. Check for weather and flash flood warnings issued by the Weather Service, as well as all notices regarding hazardous driving conditions. When visibility is poor, such as in fog, heavy rain, or heavy snow, use your low beam headlights. If you cannot clearly see persons or vehicles 500 feet ahead, the law requires drivers to have headlights turned on.

Sharing the Road with Skateboards, Scooters, etc.

Of recent special concern are personal wheeled transportation users such as skateboarders, roller-bladers, nonmotorized scooters, electric wheelchairs, etc. People using the roadway with these types of devices can sometimes be traveling at a significant rate of speed. Users can move abruptly and change direction unexpectedly into your travel path. Be especially alert and cautious around these types of roadway users.

How to Avoid Skidding

On roads that may be slippery you should drive at a slower speed. Don't make any sudden changes in speed or direction. To slow down on a slippery road, you should take your foot off the gas pedal to lower your speed and help keep your vehicle under control. If you need to slow down more, gently "squeeze" your brakes with a slow, steady pressure. Allow the wheels to keep rolling. If they start to lock up, ease off the brake pedal. As you slow down, it may also be helpful to shift into a lower gear. If your vehicle is equipped with anti-lock brakes use steady brake pressure, do not pump the brakes! Follow the instructions in your owner's manual.

What should I practice first?

Practice driving with your hands in the proper position. If you look at the steering wheel as the face of a clock, a 9 and 3 or an 8 and 4 position is recommended. Work on left and right turns, smooth braking, and controlled starts and stops. Use hand over hand steering for turning.

Regulatory Signs

Rectangular signs with white backgrounds indicate what things a driver must or must not do. These signs display speed limits, turning and passing laws, and other directions

Sharing the Road with School Buses 41 School Bus Stops

School Bus Stops It is against the law to pass a school bus which has stopped and has its red warning lights on. Never pass from any direction when the red lights are on. When a school bus is on the highway and is about to pick up or discharge students, the school bus driver activates the alternately flashing yellow lights and begins slowing down. You should be preparing to stop. After the bus has stopped, the driver will activate the alternately flashing red warning lights. Once the red warning lights have been activated you must stop your vehicle. Remember, even in a school yard, you must not pass a stopped school bus with its alternately flashing red warning lights activated. There are a few exceptions where a stop is not necessary. You do not have to stop on a divided highway if the school bus is traveling in the opposite direction. A concrete barrier may be used to separate traffic from the bus, and you are not required to stop. In Vermont, if you are found guilty of passing a stopped school bus with its warning lights on, you will be subject to a substantial fine and five points on your driver license.

Flashing Light - Yellow:

Slow down, scan the intersection, yield to any oncoming vehicles before attempting to make a left turn and proceed with caution.

Low Shoulders

Sometimes, especially in construction zones, the road level may be higher than the shoulder. If your wheels drop off the pavement onto a low shoulder, reduce speed without braking, and turn back onto the pavement very carefully at a slow speed.

Red Light

Stop before reaching either the stop line or the crosswalk, whichever comes first, and wait until the light is green. (Green arrow signals may come on while the red light is displayed. You may proceed in the direction of the arrow.) Right turns at circular red lights are usually allowed, but only after the driver has stopped completely and yielded the right of way to pedestrians and other vehicles. Some intersections have signs or symbols that indicate you cannot turn right on red. A police officer may direct you through a red light. You should follow the officer's directions, with caution.

Reduced Visibility Daytime Driving

Studies have shown that driving with low beam headlights on during the daytime reduces the risk of head-on collisions by more than 20%. Automobile manufacturers have installed daytime running lights on many vehicles. These lights come on automatically and should not be confused with your headlights. Daytime running lights and headlights can help other drivers to see your vehicle during daylight hours. Remember, when snow, rain, and fog limit visibility you must turn your headlights on. The best practice is to always drive with at least your low beam headlights on, even in the daytime.

2

The distance your vehicle travels from the moment you see danger until you step on the brake is called reaction distance. After seeing danger, it takes the average driver about 3/4 of a second to apply the brakes. The higher the driving speed, the further the vehicle will travel before the driver is able to apply the brakes. The distance your vehicle travels from the time the brakes are applied to the time that the vehicle is brought to a stop is called braking distance. Braking distance will vary depending on the conditions of the road. It is important to realize that on wet, icy or gravel roads, the braking distance will be much longer. When it first starts to rain, oil, rubber, dirt and water combined make roads especially slippery, which increases your braking distance.

Alcohol and other drugs

The drinking driver is the number one cause of fatal traffic crashes. On average someone is killed by a drunk driver every 40 minutes. It is against the law to drive while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Drivers who have been drinking or using other drugs do not have good control over themselves or the vehicle and they are a danger to their own lives and the lives of others. Vermont law states that when a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is .08 or above, he/she is "under the influence" or "impaired". It is important to remember that a person is impaired at blood alcohol concentration levels below .08. Even one drink impairs your judgment. People under the age of 21 who operate a vehicle with an alcohol concentration of .02 or more can receive a civil traffic violation. The driver's license will be suspended and the driver must complete an alcohol and driving education program at his/her own expense.

Flashing Light - Red:

The flashing circular red light is like a stop sign. Stop, and proceed after yielding the right of way to all pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles.

Signals

The law states that a driver must use a turn signal not less than 100 feet before making a turn or changing lanes. Signaling three to five seconds before any of these actions covers this requirement. Applying your brakes will signal vehicles behind you that you are planning to slow down or stop. If your vehicle's directional lights or brake lights are not working, you must use hand signals to let other drivers know you are planning to stop or turn. Directional lights or brake lights which do not work must be fixed immediately

Speed Limits and Safe Speeds

The maximum speed for any vehicle on all Vermont roads is 50 miles per hour or as posted. The maximum speed for any vehicle on an Interstate in Vermont is 65 miles per hour or as posted. The law states that a motor vehicle shall be driven at all times so that it is under control. A vehicle must be driven at a speed that is reasonable considering the dangers that may exist on the road. At intersections, on curves, in heavy traffic, through construction zones, during bad weather, and when pedestrians or bicyclists are present, you must drive at a speed that is safe for the driving conditions. Many crashes are caused by driving too fast for conditions. Sometimes even 10 miles per hour can be an unsafe speed.

Sharing the Road with Bicyclists

The number of people riding bicycles on streets and highways is growing daily, both for exercise and transportation use. Under state law bicyclists have the right to operate on all roads, unless they are specially prohibited, such as on limited-access highways like the Interstate. The same traffic rules and regulations for vehicle drivers apply to bicyclists. Bicycles, however, are quieter and less visible than other vehicles, especially at night. As a motorist you should drive defensively around a bicyclist because the slightest mistake could cause serious injury or death. When you approach a bicyclist, keep on the lookout and slow down. Give them plenty of room when passing and be prepared to stop suddenly. Do not honk at a bicyclist unless you have good cause to warn them. The loud noise could startle the rider and cause them to lose control. It is important to remember that bicyclists have the same rights and duties as motor vehicle operators. To avoid conflict, drivers of motor vehicles need to know the rules:

Speed-Change Lanes (Acceleration and Deceleration)

There are lanes running alongside the Interstate for a short distance, which connect entrance or exit ramps (roads) to the interstate. These are made for vehicles to speed up or slow down when entering or exiting the traffic lanes.

Parking Your Vehicle

There are many options for parking offered in the driving environment. These include parallel parking, angle parking (left or right), and perpendicular parking (left or right - 31 forward or backward). Don't cross the center line to park. For more information on parallel parking see the "road test" section of this study guide. A vehicle parked on a 2-lane road must have the right wheels within 12 inches of the right side of the road or curb. On a one-way road the vehicle must be positioned within 12 inches of the side of the road. Your vehicle must be parked in the same direction as traffic flow. If you must park on a highway in a rural area, you must have all wheels off the traveled portion of the road. Be careful not to stop on a hill, curve, or where your vehicle cannot be seen for at least 150 feet in either direction, or in any area posted for no parking.

Entrance Ramp

This is a short one-way road that leads onto the interstate. You need to look carefully to enter into fast moving traffic. The entrance ramp takes you to the speed change lane where vehicles are moving up to interstate speeds. Stay to the right, signal left, speed up, check blind spot over left shoulder and make a lane change when the travel lane is safe. The entering driver must yield to drivers already on the interstate.

Exit Ramp

This is a short one-way road which connects the interstate to another road and allows you to exit at a safe speed. When leaving an interstate you should signal for a lane change, move to the speed change lane closest to the exit, and slow down to the posted exit speed.

Yellow Light:

This light warns drivers that the light is about to turn red. If you are too close to the intersection to stop safely, proceed with caution through the intersection.

Sharing the Road with Motorcycles

Today's motorcycle riders are friends, relatives and neighbors. The motorcyclist has the same rights and responsibilities on the highway as drivers of other vehicles. Motorists should recognize this and not attempt to crowd motorcycles or take the right-of-way from cyclists. Motorcyclists on the other hand must operate as responsible road users and not attempt to take advantage of the cycle's narrow silhouette and maneuverability. Motorcyclists often slow by downshifting or merely rolling off the throttle, thus not activating the brake light. Allow more than 4 seconds of following distance. At intersections, predict a motorcyclist may slow down without visual warning. Turn signals on a motorcycle usually are not self-canceling, thus some riders, (especially beginners) sometimes forget to turn them off after a turn or lane change. Make sure a motorcycle's signal is for real. Motorcyclists often adjust position within a lane to be seen more easily and to minimize the effects of wind, road debris, and passing vehicles. Understand that motorcyclists adjust lane position for a purpose, not to be reckless or show off. Because of its small size a motorcycle seems to be moving faster than it really is. Don't think motorcyclists are speed demons. Because of its small size, a motorcycle may look farther away than it is. When checking traffic to turn at an intersection, predict a motorcycle is closer than it looks. Because of its small size, a motorcycle can be easily hidden by objects inside or outside a car (door posts, mirrors, passengers, bushes, trees, parked cars, fences, bridges, blind spots, etc). Take an extra moment to thoroughly check traffic, whether you're changing lanes or turning at intersections. Stopping distance for motorcycles is nearly the same as for cars, but slippery pavement makes stopping quickly difficult. Allow more following distance behind a motorcycle because it can't always stop "on a dime". Maneuverability is one of a motorcycle's better characteristics, especially at slower speeds and with good road conditions. But don't expect a motorcyclist to always be able to dodge out of the way. 44 Carrying a passenger complicates a motorcyclist's task. Balance is more difficult. Stopping distance is increased. Maneuverability is reduced. Predict more problems when you see two on a motorcycle, especially near intersections. Mirrors are smaller on a motorcycle and usually convex. This gives the motorcyclist a smaller image of you and makes you appear farther back than you actually are. Keep at least a four second space cushion when following a motorcyclist. There are a lot more cars and trucks than motorcycles on the road, and some drivers don't "recognize" a motorcycle and ignore it (usually unintentionally). Look for motorcycles, especially when checking traffic at an intersection. At night, single headlights and taillights on motorcycles can blend into the lights of other traffic. Those "odd" lights could be a motorcycle. Motorcycles are entitled to a full lane. When passing a motorcycle, change lanes completely. Never cut in too closely just after you have overtaken a motorcycle. Be sure to use your turn signals to alert a rider of your intention to pass, change lanes or turn. Allow a passing motorcyclist plenty of room and never try to speed up to stay ahead of a motorcycle passing you. When a motorcycle is in motion, don't think of it as motorcycle; think of it as a person. Note: More information about motorcycle laws and rules, and how to obtain a motorcycle permit or endorsement, can be found in the Vermont Motorcycle Manual.

Flaggers

Traffic is often required to stop in a work zone, to allow construction equipment to move, or because there is only one lane open for traffic moving in both directions. Flaggers use stop/slow paddles, or sometimes orange flags, to guide traffic safely through the work zone. A flagger has the legal authority to control traffic and must be obeyed.

Traffic Lights

Traffic lights allow vehicles to proceed safely through busy intersections. They determine right-of-way for drivers, bicyclists and pedestrians.

Side Blind spots

Trucks have much larger blind spots on both sides of their vehicles than passenger vehicles. When you drive in these blind spots for any length of time, you can't be seen by the truck driver. If a truck driver needs to change lanes quickly for any reason, a serious crash could occur if your vehicle is in the truck driver's blind spot.

Rear Blind spots

Unlike other motor vehicles, trucks have long blind spots directly behind them. The truck driver can't see your vehicle in this position, and your own view of traffic flow is severely reduced. Following too closely greatly increases your chance of a rear-end collision with a truck. If you can't see the trucks side rearview mirrors, then the truck driver can't see you.

USE HIGH AND LOW HEADLIGHT BEAMS PROPERLY

Use high beam when driving in the open country with few other vehicles. Even with the high beams, speed must be lower than by day. Always use low beam when approaching other vehicles or pedestrians so as not to blind the driver or pedestrian. Also use low beam when driving in areas with streetlights or fog and when following another vehicle closely.

Warning Signs

Warning signs are placed where there is danger at all times, and a driver needs to slow down. They are usually diamond-shaped and yellow or green. They may warn of sharp curves, unsafe intersections, or dips in the road. Drivers should slow down. Some warning signs give additional information, such as the safe speeds, or a distance, such as "Deer Crossing, next 3 miles". A downward arrow under a school or pedestrian sign indicates a crosswalk or crossing area.

Backing Up

When a truck driver is backing up, he sometimes must temporarily block the street to maneuver his trailer. Never go around a truck that is preparing to back up or is in the process of backing up. Most trailers can completely hide objects that suddenly come between them and a loading area. If you try to go around the truck, you can enter a blind spot and the truck driver can't see you

PASSING

When approaching another vehicle or bicycle from the rear and you want to pass, be sure you have enough distance to pass safely. Signal left to let other drivers know that you will be pulling out, look to the rear to see if your vehicle is being passed (look in the rearview mirrors and over your left shoulder to check the blind spot), change lanes and pass on the left. At night it might be necessary to blink your headlights from low to high to low beam to warn the driver in front of you that you intend to pass. 53 If you are passing while towing a trailer, be especially careful that you are well past the motor vehicle or bicycle you are passing before pulling back into their lane of travel. When towing a wide load or driving a motor vehicle that is wider than usual, be especially careful if you pass any other motorist or bicyclist. Pass vehicles and bicycles on the left. Leave at least four feet of clearance between your vehicle and any vehicle or bicycle you are passing. You should go far enough beyond the motor vehicle or bicycle you are passing so that you are able to see the entire front of the motor vehicle or the bicyclist in your inside rearview mirror. Use your right signal, check the right blind spot over your shoulder, and return to the right side of the road. When you are being passed by another vehicle, you should slow a little and keep right. This will allow the other driver to pass more safely. A driver may pass on the right of another vehicle on a multilane road. On roads that are not multilane, a driver may pass on the right of a vehicle or bicycle turning or preparing to turn left, if there is room to go by safely. Under no conditions can a motor vehicle be passed by driving off the pavement or main traveled part of the road.

Courteous Drivers Dim Their Headlights

When driving a motor vehicle at night, you should promptly dim your headlights when meeting or following another vehicle

IMPAIRED DRIVING

While most drivers think only of alcohol when they hear the word impaired, drinking is not the only way a driver can be impaired. Drugs, even prescription and over the counter drugs, can seriously affect your ability to drive safely. Driving while drowsy can also affect your ability to drive and can be very dangerous.

Winter Driving

Winter is the most difficult driving season, so use extra caution. Not only do you have snow and ice to deal with, but there are fewer hours of daylight as well. 48 • Make sure your brakes, windshield wipers, defroster, heater and exhaust system are in top condition. • Check your antifreeze, and be ready for colder temperatures. Be sure the windshield washer reservoir is filled with a fluid made for winter use. • Make sure you've got good snow tires on all four wheels, and put them on early. Try not to get caught without them in the first snowfall. Never combine different types of tires on the same vehicle. Many states allow tires with metal studs to be used only in winter conditions. Always be sure the tires are properly inflated. • During ice or snow storms, especially when a traveler's advisory is issued, don't drive unless absolutely necessary. If you must drive, completely clear the ice and snow from your entire vehicle and be sure your wipers are clear of any ice buildup. The inside of your windows should also be free of moisture. • When sleet, freezing rain or snow start to fall, black ice can quickly form and you may not be able to see it. Bridges, ramps, and overpasses are likely to freeze first. Slippery spots may still remain after road crews have cleared the highways. • Since you will need to drive more slowly, allow more time to reach your destination. Increase your following distance to more than 4 seconds. Even vehicles with four wheel or all wheel drive do not have good traction on ice. All vehicles have difficulty stopping, going through curves, and changing lanes on winter roads. • Be especially careful near snowplows—they are hard to see because of the blowing snow they create. They are wider than other vehicles, and often move more slowly. • Travel in the day, don't travel alone, and keep others informed of your route and schedule. Stay on main roads—avoid back road shortcuts. • Be prepared. Items you should keep in your vehicle include: windshield scraper and brush, small shovel, kitty litter or sand, extra clothing, food and water, cell phone, extra windshield washer fluid, a basic first aid kit, and flashlight. Always have at least a half tank of gas in your vehicle.

Work Zone Signs

Work zone signs are orange and diamond or rectangular shaped. They provide important information to help the driver safely drive through the work zone. They warn the driver of hazards ahead, such as closed lanes, detours, rough pavement, or flaggers.

Yield

Yield right-of-way signs are the shape of an upside down triangle, and they mean you should slow down, search and enter only if the way is clear of pedestrians, bicyclists and vehicles.

Road Signs

You can tell what road signs mean by the shape and color as well as the wording. If the sign is covered by dirt, snow, or anything else, you should know the general meaning (regulatory, warning, information) of the sign by its shape.

Red Arrows:

You may also see red arrows. A red arrow means you must stop. You may not proceed in the direction of the arrow until a green light or arrow is displayed, unless there is a sign which permits this movement.

Green Light:

You may proceed on a green light if it is safe to do so. But, if you are turning left you must yield the right of way to oncoming vehicles. At some intersections where special emphasis is needed, a "left turn yield on green light" sign will be attached to the overhead wire near the signal.

see signs

page 38

see diagram

page 52

TRAFFIC LIGHTS, ROAD SIGNS, AND HIGHWAY MARKINGS

see next

White and Black signs

see page 35

see signs

see page 38

Bicycle Hand Signals

see page 43

Where You May Not Park

• On the traveled portion of the highway • Beside a vehicle stopped or parked at the side of a street • On a sidewalk • Within an intersection • On a crosswalk • Beside any road work, so that you block traffic • On a bridge or in a tunnel • On any railroad tracks, or within 50 feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing • In front of any driveway • Within 6 feet of a fire hydrant • Within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection • Within 30 feet of a flashing red or yellow light, stop sign, or traffic light • Within 20 feet of the driveway of a fire station or across the street within 75 feet of the driveway, when there are signs • Any place where an official sign says - No Parking • On a marked bicycle lane. • In a marked handicapped parking area

If you are caught in a blizzard or stranded

• Pull off the highway. Turn on hazard lights and hang a distress flag from the door handle, an antenna or window. • Remain in your vehicle where rescuers are most likely to find you. Do not set out on foot unless you can see a building close by where you know you can take shelter. Be careful: distances are distorted by blowing snow. A building may seem close, but actually be too far to walk to in deep snow. • Run the engine and heater about 10 minutes each hour to keep warm. When the engine is running, open a downwind window slightly for ventilation. To help protect from possible carbon monoxide poisoning, keep snow clear from the exhaust pipe. • Exercise to maintain body heat, but avoid overdoing it. In extreme cold, use road maps, seat covers, and floor mats for insulation. Huddle with passengers, and use your coat for a blanket. • Take turns sleeping. One person should be awake at all times to look for rescue crews. • Drink fluids to avoid dehydration. However, do not drink alcohol. • Be careful not to waste battery power. Balance electrical energy needs—the use of lights, heat, and radio—with supply. • Turn on the inside light at night so work crews or rescuers can see you. 49 • If stranded in a remote area, stomp large block letters in an open area spelling out HELP or SOS, and line them with rocks or tree limbs to attract the attention of rescue personnel who may be searching the area by airplane.