Anthropology

The Dmanini fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to:

1.8ma

Peter is left-handed (ii), his spouse, Sarah, is right-handed (RR). Their kids will be:

100% right handed

The earliest evidence of classic Neandertals date to:

130k

The earliest members of the genus Homo date from:

2.5-1.0 ma

What is the dental formula of Old World higher primates?

2/1/2/3

John and Jane are both heterozygous and have brown eyes. Blue eye alleles are recessive and brown eye alleles are dominant. What is the probability their child will have blue eyes?

25%

A Tt plant is crossed with a tt plant. The probability that offspring plants will be tall is (T= tall; t=short):

50%

What is FOXP2?

A gene associated for speech production and language acquisition

Linnaeus, Lamarck, and Buffon all touched on some aspect of "evolution." However, what key feature did their ideas all lack, which Charles Darwin would later develop?

A mechanism for evolutionary change.

A testable statement that attempts to explain an observation in the natural world is:

A scientific hypothesis

How do Acheulean stone tools compare to Oldowan tools?

Acheulean stone tools required more learning and skill to produce.

What did Darwin conclude from his inland surveys of South America and the islands of Galapagos?

Animals on the Galapagos are diverse variants of the ones on the mainland.

The study of historic or prehistoric human populations through the analysis of artifacts and other material remains is called:

Archaeology

In regard to sickle-cell anemia, which genotype is beneficial for resistance to malaria:

As

Evidence from dietary ecology explains niche-splitting between which two South African hominins?

Au. sediba and P. robustus

The Killer Ape Hypothesis was associated with which hominin species?

Australopithecus africanus

A grooming claw is most commonly found in:

Aye-aye primates

Carl Linnaeus is known for:

Binomial nomenclature.

Why is biological anthropology considered an interdisciplinary science?

Biological anthropologists often incorporate other fields of study such as chemistry or geology to facilitate their research.

Index fossils are used in:

Biostratigraphy

Which of the following features characterize Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis and "Ardi"?

Bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing

The hunting hypothesis, patchy forest hypothesis, provisioning hypothesis all try to explain which hominin feature:

Bipedalism

Which of the following is one of the six key attributes that makes humans unique among living primates?

Bipedalism

Which of the following is NOT true about the Patchy Forest Hypothesis?

Bipedalism is more efficient for quadrupedalism in general When forests became patchy, hominins stopped eating foods from trees and switched to hunting animals. Quadrupedal apes can travel efficiently between distant forest patches in search for food.

What did Franz Boas contribute to the field of anthropology?

Boas brought together different perspectives in the study of humankind

What is a postorbital bar?

Boney structure that partially incases the eye orbit

Polyandry is most commonly seen in:

Callitrichidae

What do proteins consist of?

Chains of amino acids

Evolution in genetic terms is:

Change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time.

adaptions are

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior in a population of organisms that allow or enhance survival in a given environment

What are the two major approaches to classifying groups into evolutionary trees?

Cladistics and Evolutionary taxonomy

Which of the following is true about the Patchy Forest Hypothesis?

Climate change that occurred millions of years ago led to contraction of forest in favor of grasslands, requiring greater distances to be travelled between food sources.

What was (likely) the paleoenvironment of the pre-australopithecines?

Complex forested habitats

The East African Rift valley is a region of:

Continental rifting with excellent preservation of hominin fossils.

What is the difference between developmental and physiological adaptation?

Developmental is irreversible, physiological is reversible

What is true about biological traits as established by R.C. Lewontin:

Different biological traits do not have a set pattern of frequency or distribution.

Which following characteristic is associated with Australopithecus afarensis?

Diverse diet indicated by diverse habitat

Which of the following behaviors and attributes in chimpanzees were documented by Jane Goodall?

Empathy and bonding behaviors

What do female reproductive strategies emphasize?

Ensuring access to food and caring for young.

What is a phylogeny?

Evolutionary history of taxa

In Europe, the glaciation periods consisted of:

Extreme cold and maximum glaciation phases.

During the prenatal stage, the growth and the development of the fetus are most dynamic in which trimester?

FIRST

An anthropologist is an expert in all four-fields of anthropology:

False

The climate and environment of the Middle Pleistocene in Western Europe and Africa was the same:

False

What is the adaptive reason for low levels of melanin at higher latitudes?

For higher vit D absorption

Speciation is:

Formation of new species

What is the difference between a grade and a clade?

Grades are based on common level of adaptation, clades are based on ancestor-descent relationships.

Homo naledi, recently discovered in South Africa, has a sagittal keel, a large supraorbital torus, and reduced tooth size. But the brain size is small. Where might this new species fit in the larger pattern of human evolution in Africa?

H. naledi seems most likely a member of the genus Homo; however, its small brain size is regarded as an ancestral hominin trait more reminiscent of the australopithecines.

The principle used to determine whether an allele is undergoing evolution is called:

Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium

What drove Darwin to finally publish his ideas nearly two decades after he began his background research?

He feared that someone else would publish the same theory before him

How did Franz Boas challenge the concept of "race"?

He showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes from their immigrant parents, demonstrating that races are not innately fixed.

How can variation in human skin pigmentation be used as an example of both functional and genetic adaptations?

Human skin may be dark because of tanning or because of the genetically controlled production of more melanin.

Hox genes function...

In similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.

What is a central theme of human evolution?

Increasing adaptive flexibility

The biological species concept states species are:

Interbreeding, reproductively isolated, natural populations.

Why is nuclear DNA important for protein synthesis?

It forms sequences that are templates/"codes" for production of proteins or parts of proteins.

Which of the following is true about the scientific method?

It involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing

How is sexual selection best defined?

It is natural selection in one sex, which causes a trait to be attractive to the opposite sex.

How does uniformitarianism inform Darwin's theory of evolution?

It suggested to Darwin that evolution was a slow process.

What did Charles Darwin hypothesize about the origin of bipedalism?

It was caused by the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground

What is a cold-adapted trait of Neandertals?

LIMBS

Linkage is an important exception to which law:

Law of independent assortment.

Which of the following is the only place living lemurs are found?

Madagascar

Which of the following species have broad and round noses?

Marmosets

Which of the following is true about Neandertal diets?

Meat-based

Over a period of two generations, the frequency of green dung beetles in a population shifted from 75% to 71% while the frequency of brown dung beetles within this population shifted from 25% to 29%. This is an example of:

Microevolution

What molecular evidence of modern humans originating in Africa aligns most closely with morphological/fossil data?

Mitochondrial DNA

DNA replication occurs during:

Mitosis and Meiosis

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

Mitosis results in identical copies of the parent cell.

Which of the following are considered haplorhines?

Monkeys, apes and tarsiers

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

Morphology, behavior and adaptation in the evolutionary past.

Biological traits generally follow a geographic continuum, also called a cline. How does this relate to the concept of race?

Most traits are not bound by supposed "racial" boundaries but rather vary between two points, such as the frequency of type-B blood changing gradually just within Europe.

You are reading a scientific article about cheetahs that have stripes down their backs instead of spots. The article refers to this as a genetic mutation. Though they have no negative impact on the cheetah's fitness, why are the stripes nevertheless considered a genetic mutation?

Mutations are often adaptively neutral.

How do scientists know Neandertals (potentially) had red hair?

Mutations in MC1R gene

Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertals and modern humans interbred during the few thousand years that they overlapped in Europe and western Asia. Identify the evidence that supports this theory. archaeological evidence, fossil evidence, mtDNA

NONE

What does the Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium assume?

No gene flow, mutation or natural selection.

Choose the correct steps of the scientific method:

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, test.

footprints:

Of early human ancestors were found in fossil beds at Laetoli, Tanzania

Multiregional model assumes repeated gene flow between different Pleistocene hominins in different geographical areas. This assumption supports:

One migration out of Africa

Infanticide is commonly documented in:

One-male polygynous primates

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations. What is an example of this kind of adaptation in primates?

Opposable thumbs

Which model of modern human origins supports the evidence of modern/archaic people interbreeding:

Out of Africa with assimilation

You are presented with a fossil cranium that has enormous molars and a large face. You conclude it is:

Paranthropus robustus

Which of the following observations were made by Thomas Malthus?

Population size is limited by the food supply

The biological species concept states:

Populations are reproductively isolated, breeding individuals

What is true about the Krapina site?

Possible evidence for cannibalism

How did Homo sapiens get to Australia?

Possibly on some type of boats/watercrafts

Primates have an enhanced sense of vision. How do primatologists think this evolved?

Primate eyes converged toward the front of the skull, giving enhanced depth perception. Later, nocturnal primates shifted to become diurnal, and in this context, full color vision evolved.

In what way do primate females differ from many other mammals?

Primate females give birth to fewer offspring.

Food factors that influence primate foraging behaviors include:

Quality & distribution

While you and your classmate are studying for your biological anthropology midterm, your classmate tells you that the fossil of Lucy, a famous australopithecine specimen that dates to about 3.2 ma, was dated based on carbon-14 analysis. Why is this INCORRECT?

Radiopotassium dating was more likely used because it can provide that numerical age

What is the difference between relative dating and absolute dating?

Relative dating does not give a date, absolute dating does give a date.

What do modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:

Relatively short arms and long legs.

Which of the following is a primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?

Solitary and dispersed

Sympatric speciation is:

Species occur in the same region but occupy different habitats

Directional selection favors one allele over all other alleles:

TRUE

Primates have material culture:

TRUE

The current primate phylogeny with strepsirrhines and haplorrhines follows a clade-based approach:

TRUE

Who were considered prosimian primates?

Tarsiers, lorises & lemurs

If genetic evidence of archaic-modern interbreeding had never been discovered, which model explaining modern human origins would be most likely correct, and why?

The Out-of-Africa with replacement model would be most likely correct because of continuity between modern human fossils and early African fossils, and high genetic diversity in Africa.

In mammals, why does the male parent's gamete determine the sex of his offspring?

The Y chromosome is only in males.

Taxonomy is:

The classification of living and past organisms

How do we measure fitness?

The number of offspring an individual has

Why should we study primates?

The study of primates allows for insight into the origin of human behavior

What is senescence?

The suite of biological changes that occur in later adulthood

A cell containing a gene for blond hair and blue eyes as well as genes for brown hair and brown eyes goes through meiosis. What is the chance that each of the gametes will have a combination of brown hair and blue eyes?

There is the same chance as blond hair and brown eyes.

What is special about primate societies and social behavior?

They are highly diverse

Analogous traits are not useful in phylogenies because:

They are not inherited from a common ancestor They evolve independently in unrelated species They reflect similar function, but not similar origin

Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes. What can be said about this adaptation?

This ontogenetic/developmental adaptation occurs during a critical period of development and is not reversible.

How does meiosis produce variation?

Through recombination

What is gene flow?

Transfer of genes across population boundaries

Human biology is very similar to the biology of other animals

True

Which of the following is a primate characteristic?

Typically, primate mothers give birth to a single offspring for each pregnancy

Zygote inviability is:

When a fertilized egg fails to survive

You are an anthropologist who has studied early hominin bones and concluded that there is a high degree of sexual dimorphism in body size in those species. What are the implications of your argument?

Your argument falsifies Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis because his hypothesis requires a decrease in sexual dimorphism in early hominins

Verified set of hypotheses explaining a natural phenomenon is called:

a scientific theory

Tree ring counting is a type of:

absolute dating method

What causes human populations to show more variation within populations than between?

admixture

The stage of life that involves the reproductive years and senescence is called:

adult stage

Behavior that benefits others at a cost to the individual is called:

altruism

A hominin fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face, occipital bun, large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as:

archaic

What type of dating uses a ratio of 40Ar to 39Ar?

argon-argon

Which term describes teeth with two ridges, as found in Old World monkeys' molars?

bilophondont

Which primates live in multi-male, multi-female groups?

bonobos

Anthropology differs from other disciplines in its commitment to the notion that humans are:

both cultural and biological

Gradual variation and distribution of skin pigmentation in human populations is an example of a:

cline

Variation in skin color is an example of:

cline

Sacculated stomachs are common among:

colobus

Multiple individuals working together towards a shared goal is considered:

cooperation

What type of dating technique is used to the date the artifacts in the image below? (arrowhead)

cultural

Studies on Galápagos finches have found that one of the finches populations only has either very wide beaks or very narrow beaks. What is the type of natural selection that leads to this phenotypic distribution?

disruptive selection

What are general primate traits?

divergent big toe and thumb, nails instead of claws (majority), forward facing eye

Tarsiers have:

elongated tarsals

Charles Darwin was the founder of which of the following fields?

evolutionary biology

Zygote inviability is a type of allopatric speciation.

fakse

A prokaryotic cell is a multi-cellular organism:

false

A scientific hypothesis cannot be falsified.

false

A tooth comb is most commonly found in haplorrhine primates.

false

According to the Provisioning Hypothesis proposed by Lovejoy large brains, tool use, and bipedalism evolved together:

false

According to the article by Ann Gibbons, Chris Stringer concluded that Neandertals in Europe were the ancestors of modern humans:

false

Adequate nutrition is more vital for male primates' reproductive success than females':

false

All Archaic Homo fossils show evidence of cannibalism:

false

All Australopithecus species made Oldowan stone tools:

false

All fossil species one might find are represented by living forms:

false

All humans have the same capacity to react to excessive heat:

false

All living monkeys have the same types of physical and behavioral traits:

false

Among primates, male reproductive strategies are the same as female reproductive strategies:

false

An anteriorly placed foramen magnum is a sure sign of dietary adaptions to softer foods?

false

An individual's life history is the same as their evolutionary history:

false

An opposable big toe is an early hominin adaptation to bipedalism:

false

Anthropology is the study of past peoples and cultures:

false

Apes have tails:

false

Apical wear on canines is a nonhominin trait:

false

Ardipithecus ramidus is dated to be older than Sahelanthropus tchadensis:

false

Australopithecus afarensis fossils lend support to Lovejoy's Provisioning hypothesis:

false

Australopithecus afarensis had only human-like skeletal traits:

false

Australopithecus sediba was the first South African hominin ever discovered:

false

Bad alleles are always eliminated by natural selection:

false

Bipedalism, as an adapted trait in hominins, only has benefits:

false

Bipedalism, large brains and tool use evolved together:

false

Both Lamarck and Darwin considered variation important to understand how organisms change overtime:

false

Charles Darwin was the first person to understand how variation is maintained through genetics:

false

Classic Neandertal fossils are found from 130k - 10k:

false

Compared to Homo erectus, Paranthropus species had small teeth:

false

Comte de Buffon was the first one to believe in fixity of species?

false

Darwin called the units of inheritance that pass traits from parents to offspring "genes."

false

Darwin relied on microbiology and genetics to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection:

false

Despite no evidence of Neandertal mtDNA in Homo sapiens today, contributions of Neandertal nDNA in Homo sapiens fully supports the multiregional model of modern human origins:

false

Everyone agrees that there is one "best" species concept:

false

Flight/wings of different species (e.g. fruit flies and bat wings) reflect a recent common ancestor:

false

For primates, there are only benefits to living in social groups:

false

Fossils Bodo, Kabwe, Petralona, Arago and Dali represent the geographical variation documented in Homo erectus fossils:

false

Functional adaptations can never be replaced by equivalent genetic adaptations.

false

Gene frequencies remain the same over time:

false

Genes that are close together on a chromosome are much more likely to recombine than genes that are positioned farther away :

false

Genetic evidence shows that Denisovans were ancestral to Neandertals in Eurasia:

false

Hominins have an opposable big toe:

false

Homo naledi and Homo habilis share a number of morphological traits in common:

false

Homo naledi fossils are only discovered in the East African Rift Valley?

false

Homo naledi has a brain size similar to Homo erectus:

false

Homo naledi is the oldest Homo species discovered until now:

false

Humidity is perhaps the single most important variable that we can measure to understand past changes in climate:

false

Hypothermia is a potentially deadly condition that occurs in extreme hot environments:

false

In primates such as orangutans, males tend to invest more in their offspring then females:

false

Infanticide is usually carried out by the male who is the likely father of the infant:

false

Intra sexual selection is driven by female choice:

false

Kabwe is considered an Archaic Homo fossil from East Asia:

false

Kennewick man is a part of the original paleo-Indians that migrated into North America:

false

Living lemurs are found only on the main continent of Africa:

false

Mary and Louise Leakey worked for many years at hominin sites in South Africa.

false

Mendel's law of segregation states that the inheritance of one trait determines the inheritance of others, because all traits are inherited together:

false

Mitochondria are only found in prokaryote cells

false

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from both the mother and the father:

false

Most small sized primates tend to be diurnal.

false

MtDNA resides inside the nucleus of the cell:

false

Natural selection is the only source of new genetic variation in a population:

false

Natural selection works at the population level.

false

Non honing chewing is present in both apes and hominins:

false

Nonhoning chewing and bipedalism are found across all apes and hominins:

false

Old World Monkeys are more closely related to New World Monkeys than Apes:

false

Pangaea existed until about 70 millions years ago:

false

Primate societies/social groups include primates of several different species:

false

Primates who live in a group with nonrelatives will engage in altruistic behaviors more often than primates who live with relatives:

false

Punctuated equilibrium is achieved through the process of anagenesis:

false

Sickle cell anemia is only found in parts of Africa:

false

Sickle cell causes malaria:

false

Socially inherited behaviors cannot be learned:

false

Soft tissue preserves well in the fossil record:

false

Speciation events explain the extinction of species:

false

Species, speciation and systematics all attempt to explain the same processes:

false

Sperm cells are somatic cells:

false

Spider monkeys are the only New World Monkeys that do not have a prehensile tail:

false

Tarsiers are a haplorrhine primate because they share a number of ancestral traits with other haplorrhines:

false

Tarsiers are most closely related to lemurs:

false

The Cro-Magnon fossil site is the oldest modern human site in the world:

false

The Multiregional Continuity model suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated to Europe, and then interbred with Neandertals.

false

The Pleistocene experienced fewer climatic fluctuations than the Pliocene:

false

The Trinil skull cap/cranial vault is associated with Homo habilis in Africa:

false

The limestone caves at Olduvai Gorge do not allow direct dating.

false

The limestone caves of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, do not allow direct dating:

false

The multiregional model attempts to explain the origins and emergence of Neandertals in Europe:

false

The phylogenetic species concept is most useful to identify living species.

false

The ratio of 13C to 12C in glacial ice can indicate global temperature:

false

The title of Darwin's book was On the Origin of Evolution:

false

There are three human races: Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid:

false

Wallace stole Darwin's ideas and took credit for it:

false

Wet noses in some primates is a derived feature:

false

Jane Goodall studied gorillas in the wild:

false, chimpanzees?

Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenesis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?

femur

Who was the first scientist to challenge the concept of race?

franz boas

Which of the following processes is most likely to randomly change allele frequencies in a population?

genetic drift

Species that evolve slowly at a steady rate, accumulating small changes over time, evolve via:

gradualism

What is the biggest benefit for sociality/group living among primates?

group defense from predators

Humans belong to the Family:

homindae

The image of the fossil below has prominent brow ridges and a low, long cranium. Name the hominin.

homo erectus

Which hominin species was discovered in Zhoukoudian, China?

homo erectus

The genus and species name of humans is:

homo sapiens

Among primates, the longest period of growth and development is found in:

humans

A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the development of the entire chest cavity. This is most likely the result of a mutation:

in a hox gene

Which of the following traits helped Neandertals to adapt to life in relatively cold climates:

increases in the body mass

What is the specific name for all the chromosomes in an organism?

karyotype

Catarrhines include:

langur monkeys, patas monkeys, baboon monkeys

The most prominent feature in Homo erectus fossils is:

large brow ridges

Which of the following is a Neandertal trait:

large nasal aperture

Which of the following traits was considered derived in Australopithecus garhi?

leg length

Human production of lithic/stone tools is an example of:

material culture

Which of the following is the oldest epoch?

miocene

________ DNA is heteroplasmic.

mitochondrial

Which of the following behaviors and attributes was Jane Goodall the first to document in chimpanzees?

mother-offspring bonds, tool-making, meat-eating

Which of the following is a force of evolution?

mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

Genetic evidence suggests that Kennewick man is most closely related to:

native americans

Favoring of individuals with characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction is called:

natural selection

What did Darwin think was the primary mechanism (cause) of evolution?

natural selection

Most human DNA is:

noncoding

Dietary plasticity suggests that primates are: folivorous, quadrupedal, arboreal

none

Which of the following hominins were discovered in South Africa? Paranthropus boisei, Paranthropus aethiopicus, Australopithecus garhi

none

Homo habilis was first found at:

olduvai gorge

Primate societies featuring one male and multiple females are called:

one-male polygyny

Forensic anthropology is the scientific examination of skeletons in hope of identifying who they were in life and what happened to them. To which of the following branches

or subdisciplines, of anthropology does forensic anthropology belong?, Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology is also known as:

physical anthropology

Humans are in the order:

primate

The researchers who specifically study the behavior, biology, and ecology of our closest relatives, nonhuman primates, are known as:

primatologists

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event:

recombination

What is the single most important factor that causes speciation in natural populations?

reproductive isolation

Australopithecus afarensis was identified as bipedal based on:

rounded heel, position of foramen magnum, pelvic morphology

Which of the following types of cells in humans have fewer chromosomes than somatic cells?

sex cells

The difference in size, coloration, or other physical attributes between males and females is known as:

sexual dimorphism

Compared to hominoids, strepsirrhines have a better sense of:

smell

Where are new world monkeys found?

south america

Prior to the twentieth century, it was assumed that racial differences are:

static

Which of the following traits distinguishes Paranthropus and Australopithecus?

teeth, cranial size, cranial cresting

Which of the following is a pre-mating barrier?

temporal isolation, ecological isolation, geographical isolation

What is the difference between platyrrhines and catarrhines?

the dental formula

What do the long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists (living near the equator) indicate?

the population supports Allen's rule

Which character correctly describes non-human primates:

they are highly adaptable

What do Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus aethopicus have in common?

they were both discovered in east africa

Objects that primates use to acquire food are examples of:

tools

Free-floating RNA nucleotides match one exposed daughter strand of DNA during:

transciption

Messenger RNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm during:

transcription

"Our biology is very similar to other animals."

true

A Punnett square can be used to determine the expected percentages of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents.

true

A deme is a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring:

true

A posteriorly placed foramen magnum is associated with quadrupedalism:

true

According to the cladistic approach, humans are more closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos than they are to gorillas.

true

Acheulean tools were used for animal butchery:

true

All the genes in a cell are collectively called a genome:

true

Anatomically modern humans dispersed to Australia by 40,000:

true

Autosomal dominant disorders have a higher chance of being passed on from parents to offspring than autosomal recessive disorders.

true

Based on fossil evidence, Charles Darwin recognized the similarity between extinct ground sloths and closely related, living sloths:

true

Behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction are favored by natural selection:

true

Being nocturnal is an ancestral trait in Tarsiers:

true

Bergmann's and Allen's rules are different:

true

Biological, phylogenetic and evolutionary species concepts are context-specific:

true

Bipedalism is the term for walking on two feet:

true

Both inter- and intra-sexual selection are a type of natural selection:

true

Cercopithecoids are quite sexually dimorphic:

true

Correct placement of fossils in the environment where their living counterparts thrive helps us to understand the factors that shaped that organism's evolution:

true

Cultural adaptations (e.g. building a shelter) are often faster than biological adaptations:

true

DNA can be used to determine how organisms are evolving:

true

Darwin concluded that Africa was likely the place where hominins evolved:

true

Darwin proposed that the frequency of advantageous characteristics in a population increases over time:

true

Derived traits are the most useful types of traits to reconstruct evolutionary relationships:

true

Dominance hierarchies among males and females are dictated by group structure.

true

Early Homo fossils are characterized by derived traits such as decrease in tooth size:

true

Effects of genetic drift are most extreme in small populations:

true

Exogamous societies tend to have more genetic diversity than endogamous societies:

true

Foraminifera are microorganisms that live in the sea, whose chemical composition tells us about climate history:

true

Fossils and their geologic settings can reveal information about past diets and environments:

true

Fossils and their geologic settings reveal information about past diets and environments:

true

Founder effect can change allele frequencies between populations:

true

Genes that are close together on the same chromosome are said to be linked and inherited together as a unit.

true

Genetic divergence among species is measured by the number of base pair changes:

true

Genetic information of all living organisms is stored in DNA.

true

Good representation of fossils is important to understand the evolutionary history of species:

true

Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium explain different rates of speciation:

true

Homo erectus fossils are associated with controlled use of fire:

true

Homo erectus fossils from Dmanisi are similar to Homo erectus fossils from Africa:

true

Homo erectus has a body plan similar to modern humans:

true

Homo erectus is considered the potential ancestor of all Archaic Homo:

true

Homo habilis relied more on tools than did other early hominins:

true

Homologous traits are used to construct phylogenies:

true

Hox genes support the idea that animals share a "blueprint" because of shared ancestry:

true

Human populations that engage in activities that exert physical forces on the skeleton (e.g., walking, lifting, carrying) have bones with optimum density:

true

Humans are catarrhines:

true

Humans are part of the hominidae family:

true

Humans have a gene for digesting milk, but not all humans can digest milk into adulthood:

true

Humans have small and nonprojecting canine teeth:

true

In mammals, the male parent's gamete determines the sex of the offspring:

true

In the Linnaean classification system, humans are called Homo sapiens:

true

Increase in brain size can only be supported with an increase in food quality and more calories:

true

Increased reliance on vision in primates is a reflection of arboreal adaption.

true

Index species are species that appear or disappear from a given region at known dates:

true

It is difficult to account for the total number of species that exist today:

true

Living species provide an incomplete picture of evolution because only surviving lineages are represented:

true

Male-male competition is high when females are in estrus:

true

Microevolution refers to the changes in allele frequencies that occur from one generation to the next:

true

Most mutations are due to random changes in the DNA (spontaneous), rather than due to exposure to toxic environmental circumstances (induced):

true

Much of the genetic information found in humans is also found in distantly related organisms. For example, the DNA in baker's yeast is 45% similar to human DNA:

true

Natural selection favors some variation over others.

true

On average primates are known to spend more than 50% of their waking hours on food acquisition:

true

Osteoblasts are a type of somatic cell:

true

Osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass:

true

Paranthropus were extinct by 1ma:

true

Paranthropus/Australopithecus boisei was found at Olduvai Gorge.

true

People who live in cold environments have a relatively higher BMR, or basal metabolic rate:

true

Pre-mating barriers can result in the formation of new species:

true

Primate social behavior is influenced by evolution:

true

Primates have reduced reliance on smell, which is reflected in their smaller snouts, as compared with other mammals:

true

Primates ideally acquire food with minimal energy investment by choosing clumped food patches that they can remain in for as long as possible:

true

Rapid burial helps preserve animal remains:

true

Regular tool usage preceded human-like brain size:

true

Sahelanthropus tchadensis is found outside the East African Rift Valley:

true

Sickle cell anemia is an example of balanced polymorphism.

true

Some species of apes have the potential to acquire "symbolic language."

true

The "Taung" child is a juvenile Australopithecus africanus fossil:

true

The Levallois technology is associated with Neandertals:

true

The Neandertal hyoid bone is similar in shape to the modern human hyoid bone:

true

The Out-Of-Africa with Genetic Assimilation argues that modern humans first evolved in Africa then spread to Europe and Asia, where they underwent gene flow with some archaic species.

true

The Pleistocene experienced severe glacial and inter-glacial phases:

true

The anti-codons are found on the tRNA outside the nucleus of the cell:

true

The archaeological record of Archaic Homo suggests more complex adaptations than Homo erectus:

true

The biggest problem with extracting ancient DNA is contamination:

true

The cranial morphology of Homo erectus and all Archaic Homo species is characterized by prominent supraorbital tori:

true

The expression of X-linked disorders in males and females is different:

true

The fission-fusion residence pattern is a special type of multimale - multifemale primate social system.

true

The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy (allele) of the affected gene:

true

The pre-australopiths have bipedal traits, but also a number of ape-like characteristics:

true

The sickle-cell allele is both a byproduct of mutation and natural selection:

true

The study of the evolution, variation, and adaptation of humans and their past and present relatives is studied in biological anthropology:

true

The valgus knee allows the femur to be angled inwards in bipeds:

true

What is the first step of DNA replication?

two DNA strands seperate

According to Dariwn, the process of evolution was slow. Which theory informed this idea?

uniformitarianism

The theory that posits that natural processes that alter the geology of the Earth are gradual and the same through time, is called:

uniformitarianism

Unlike RNA, DNA does not include which nucleotide base?

uracil