Anthropology
The Dmanini fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to:
1.8ma
Peter is left-handed (ii), his spouse, Sarah, is right-handed (RR). Their kids will be:
100% right handed
The earliest evidence of classic Neandertals date to:
130k
The earliest members of the genus Homo date from:
2.5-1.0 ma
What is the dental formula of Old World higher primates?
2/1/2/3
John and Jane are both heterozygous and have brown eyes. Blue eye alleles are recessive and brown eye alleles are dominant. What is the probability their child will have blue eyes?
25%
A Tt plant is crossed with a tt plant. The probability that offspring plants will be tall is (T= tall; t=short):
50%
What is FOXP2?
A gene associated for speech production and language acquisition
Linnaeus, Lamarck, and Buffon all touched on some aspect of "evolution." However, what key feature did their ideas all lack, which Charles Darwin would later develop?
A mechanism for evolutionary change.
A testable statement that attempts to explain an observation in the natural world is:
A scientific hypothesis
How do Acheulean stone tools compare to Oldowan tools?
Acheulean stone tools required more learning and skill to produce.
What did Darwin conclude from his inland surveys of South America and the islands of Galapagos?
Animals on the Galapagos are diverse variants of the ones on the mainland.
The study of historic or prehistoric human populations through the analysis of artifacts and other material remains is called:
Archaeology
In regard to sickle-cell anemia, which genotype is beneficial for resistance to malaria:
As
Evidence from dietary ecology explains niche-splitting between which two South African hominins?
Au. sediba and P. robustus
The Killer Ape Hypothesis was associated with which hominin species?
Australopithecus africanus
A grooming claw is most commonly found in:
Aye-aye primates
Carl Linnaeus is known for:
Binomial nomenclature.
Why is biological anthropology considered an interdisciplinary science?
Biological anthropologists often incorporate other fields of study such as chemistry or geology to facilitate their research.
Index fossils are used in:
Biostratigraphy
Which of the following features characterize Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis and "Ardi"?
Bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing
The hunting hypothesis, patchy forest hypothesis, provisioning hypothesis all try to explain which hominin feature:
Bipedalism
Which of the following is one of the six key attributes that makes humans unique among living primates?
Bipedalism
Which of the following is NOT true about the Patchy Forest Hypothesis?
Bipedalism is more efficient for quadrupedalism in general When forests became patchy, hominins stopped eating foods from trees and switched to hunting animals. Quadrupedal apes can travel efficiently between distant forest patches in search for food.
What did Franz Boas contribute to the field of anthropology?
Boas brought together different perspectives in the study of humankind
What is a postorbital bar?
Boney structure that partially incases the eye orbit
Polyandry is most commonly seen in:
Callitrichidae
What do proteins consist of?
Chains of amino acids
Evolution in genetic terms is:
Change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time.
adaptions are
Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior in a population of organisms that allow or enhance survival in a given environment
What are the two major approaches to classifying groups into evolutionary trees?
Cladistics and Evolutionary taxonomy
Which of the following is true about the Patchy Forest Hypothesis?
Climate change that occurred millions of years ago led to contraction of forest in favor of grasslands, requiring greater distances to be travelled between food sources.
What was (likely) the paleoenvironment of the pre-australopithecines?
Complex forested habitats
The East African Rift valley is a region of:
Continental rifting with excellent preservation of hominin fossils.
What is the difference between developmental and physiological adaptation?
Developmental is irreversible, physiological is reversible
What is true about biological traits as established by R.C. Lewontin:
Different biological traits do not have a set pattern of frequency or distribution.
Which following characteristic is associated with Australopithecus afarensis?
Diverse diet indicated by diverse habitat
Which of the following behaviors and attributes in chimpanzees were documented by Jane Goodall?
Empathy and bonding behaviors
What do female reproductive strategies emphasize?
Ensuring access to food and caring for young.
What is a phylogeny?
Evolutionary history of taxa
In Europe, the glaciation periods consisted of:
Extreme cold and maximum glaciation phases.
During the prenatal stage, the growth and the development of the fetus are most dynamic in which trimester?
FIRST
An anthropologist is an expert in all four-fields of anthropology:
False
The climate and environment of the Middle Pleistocene in Western Europe and Africa was the same:
False
What is the adaptive reason for low levels of melanin at higher latitudes?
For higher vit D absorption
Speciation is:
Formation of new species
What is the difference between a grade and a clade?
Grades are based on common level of adaptation, clades are based on ancestor-descent relationships.
Homo naledi, recently discovered in South Africa, has a sagittal keel, a large supraorbital torus, and reduced tooth size. But the brain size is small. Where might this new species fit in the larger pattern of human evolution in Africa?
H. naledi seems most likely a member of the genus Homo; however, its small brain size is regarded as an ancestral hominin trait more reminiscent of the australopithecines.
The principle used to determine whether an allele is undergoing evolution is called:
Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium
What drove Darwin to finally publish his ideas nearly two decades after he began his background research?
He feared that someone else would publish the same theory before him
How did Franz Boas challenge the concept of "race"?
He showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes from their immigrant parents, demonstrating that races are not innately fixed.
How can variation in human skin pigmentation be used as an example of both functional and genetic adaptations?
Human skin may be dark because of tanning or because of the genetically controlled production of more melanin.
Hox genes function...
In similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.
What is a central theme of human evolution?
Increasing adaptive flexibility
The biological species concept states species are:
Interbreeding, reproductively isolated, natural populations.
Why is nuclear DNA important for protein synthesis?
It forms sequences that are templates/"codes" for production of proteins or parts of proteins.
Which of the following is true about the scientific method?
It involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing
How is sexual selection best defined?
It is natural selection in one sex, which causes a trait to be attractive to the opposite sex.
How does uniformitarianism inform Darwin's theory of evolution?
It suggested to Darwin that evolution was a slow process.
What did Charles Darwin hypothesize about the origin of bipedalism?
It was caused by the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground
What is a cold-adapted trait of Neandertals?
LIMBS
Linkage is an important exception to which law:
Law of independent assortment.
Which of the following is the only place living lemurs are found?
Madagascar
Which of the following species have broad and round noses?
Marmosets
Which of the following is true about Neandertal diets?
Meat-based
Over a period of two generations, the frequency of green dung beetles in a population shifted from 75% to 71% while the frequency of brown dung beetles within this population shifted from 25% to 29%. This is an example of:
Microevolution
What molecular evidence of modern humans originating in Africa aligns most closely with morphological/fossil data?
Mitochondrial DNA
DNA replication occurs during:
Mitosis and Meiosis
How is mitosis different from meiosis?
Mitosis results in identical copies of the parent cell.
Which of the following are considered haplorhines?
Monkeys, apes and tarsiers
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:
Morphology, behavior and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
Biological traits generally follow a geographic continuum, also called a cline. How does this relate to the concept of race?
Most traits are not bound by supposed "racial" boundaries but rather vary between two points, such as the frequency of type-B blood changing gradually just within Europe.
You are reading a scientific article about cheetahs that have stripes down their backs instead of spots. The article refers to this as a genetic mutation. Though they have no negative impact on the cheetah's fitness, why are the stripes nevertheless considered a genetic mutation?
Mutations are often adaptively neutral.
How do scientists know Neandertals (potentially) had red hair?
Mutations in MC1R gene
Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertals and modern humans interbred during the few thousand years that they overlapped in Europe and western Asia. Identify the evidence that supports this theory. archaeological evidence, fossil evidence, mtDNA
NONE
What does the Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium assume?
No gene flow, mutation or natural selection.
Choose the correct steps of the scientific method:
Observation, hypothesis, prediction, test.
footprints:
Of early human ancestors were found in fossil beds at Laetoli, Tanzania
Multiregional model assumes repeated gene flow between different Pleistocene hominins in different geographical areas. This assumption supports:
One migration out of Africa
Infanticide is commonly documented in:
One-male polygynous primates
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations. What is an example of this kind of adaptation in primates?
Opposable thumbs
Which model of modern human origins supports the evidence of modern/archaic people interbreeding:
Out of Africa with assimilation
You are presented with a fossil cranium that has enormous molars and a large face. You conclude it is:
Paranthropus robustus
Which of the following observations were made by Thomas Malthus?
Population size is limited by the food supply
The biological species concept states:
Populations are reproductively isolated, breeding individuals
What is true about the Krapina site?
Possible evidence for cannibalism
How did Homo sapiens get to Australia?
Possibly on some type of boats/watercrafts
Primates have an enhanced sense of vision. How do primatologists think this evolved?
Primate eyes converged toward the front of the skull, giving enhanced depth perception. Later, nocturnal primates shifted to become diurnal, and in this context, full color vision evolved.
In what way do primate females differ from many other mammals?
Primate females give birth to fewer offspring.
Food factors that influence primate foraging behaviors include:
Quality & distribution
While you and your classmate are studying for your biological anthropology midterm, your classmate tells you that the fossil of Lucy, a famous australopithecine specimen that dates to about 3.2 ma, was dated based on carbon-14 analysis. Why is this INCORRECT?
Radiopotassium dating was more likely used because it can provide that numerical age
What is the difference between relative dating and absolute dating?
Relative dating does not give a date, absolute dating does give a date.
What do modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:
Relatively short arms and long legs.
Which of the following is a primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?
Solitary and dispersed
Sympatric speciation is:
Species occur in the same region but occupy different habitats
Directional selection favors one allele over all other alleles:
TRUE
Primates have material culture:
TRUE
The current primate phylogeny with strepsirrhines and haplorrhines follows a clade-based approach:
TRUE
Who were considered prosimian primates?
Tarsiers, lorises & lemurs
If genetic evidence of archaic-modern interbreeding had never been discovered, which model explaining modern human origins would be most likely correct, and why?
The Out-of-Africa with replacement model would be most likely correct because of continuity between modern human fossils and early African fossils, and high genetic diversity in Africa.
In mammals, why does the male parent's gamete determine the sex of his offspring?
The Y chromosome is only in males.
Taxonomy is:
The classification of living and past organisms
How do we measure fitness?
The number of offspring an individual has
Why should we study primates?
The study of primates allows for insight into the origin of human behavior
What is senescence?
The suite of biological changes that occur in later adulthood
A cell containing a gene for blond hair and blue eyes as well as genes for brown hair and brown eyes goes through meiosis. What is the chance that each of the gametes will have a combination of brown hair and blue eyes?
There is the same chance as blond hair and brown eyes.
What is special about primate societies and social behavior?
They are highly diverse
Analogous traits are not useful in phylogenies because:
They are not inherited from a common ancestor They evolve independently in unrelated species They reflect similar function, but not similar origin
Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes. What can be said about this adaptation?
This ontogenetic/developmental adaptation occurs during a critical period of development and is not reversible.
How does meiosis produce variation?
Through recombination
What is gene flow?
Transfer of genes across population boundaries
Human biology is very similar to the biology of other animals
True
Which of the following is a primate characteristic?
Typically, primate mothers give birth to a single offspring for each pregnancy
Zygote inviability is:
When a fertilized egg fails to survive
You are an anthropologist who has studied early hominin bones and concluded that there is a high degree of sexual dimorphism in body size in those species. What are the implications of your argument?
Your argument falsifies Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis because his hypothesis requires a decrease in sexual dimorphism in early hominins
Verified set of hypotheses explaining a natural phenomenon is called:
a scientific theory
Tree ring counting is a type of:
absolute dating method
What causes human populations to show more variation within populations than between?
admixture
The stage of life that involves the reproductive years and senescence is called:
adult stage
Behavior that benefits others at a cost to the individual is called:
altruism
A hominin fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face, occipital bun, large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as:
archaic
What type of dating uses a ratio of 40Ar to 39Ar?
argon-argon
Which term describes teeth with two ridges, as found in Old World monkeys' molars?
bilophondont
Which primates live in multi-male, multi-female groups?
bonobos
Anthropology differs from other disciplines in its commitment to the notion that humans are:
both cultural and biological
Gradual variation and distribution of skin pigmentation in human populations is an example of a:
cline
Variation in skin color is an example of:
cline
Sacculated stomachs are common among:
colobus
Multiple individuals working together towards a shared goal is considered:
cooperation
What type of dating technique is used to the date the artifacts in the image below? (arrowhead)
cultural
Studies on Galápagos finches have found that one of the finches populations only has either very wide beaks or very narrow beaks. What is the type of natural selection that leads to this phenotypic distribution?
disruptive selection
What are general primate traits?
divergent big toe and thumb, nails instead of claws (majority), forward facing eye
Tarsiers have:
elongated tarsals
Charles Darwin was the founder of which of the following fields?
evolutionary biology
Zygote inviability is a type of allopatric speciation.
fakse
A prokaryotic cell is a multi-cellular organism:
false
A scientific hypothesis cannot be falsified.
false
A tooth comb is most commonly found in haplorrhine primates.
false
According to the Provisioning Hypothesis proposed by Lovejoy large brains, tool use, and bipedalism evolved together:
false
According to the article by Ann Gibbons, Chris Stringer concluded that Neandertals in Europe were the ancestors of modern humans:
false
Adequate nutrition is more vital for male primates' reproductive success than females':
false
All Archaic Homo fossils show evidence of cannibalism:
false
All Australopithecus species made Oldowan stone tools:
false
All fossil species one might find are represented by living forms:
false
All humans have the same capacity to react to excessive heat:
false
All living monkeys have the same types of physical and behavioral traits:
false
Among primates, male reproductive strategies are the same as female reproductive strategies:
false
An anteriorly placed foramen magnum is a sure sign of dietary adaptions to softer foods?
false
An individual's life history is the same as their evolutionary history:
false
An opposable big toe is an early hominin adaptation to bipedalism:
false
Anthropology is the study of past peoples and cultures:
false
Apes have tails:
false
Apical wear on canines is a nonhominin trait:
false
Ardipithecus ramidus is dated to be older than Sahelanthropus tchadensis:
false
Australopithecus afarensis fossils lend support to Lovejoy's Provisioning hypothesis:
false
Australopithecus afarensis had only human-like skeletal traits:
false
Australopithecus sediba was the first South African hominin ever discovered:
false
Bad alleles are always eliminated by natural selection:
false
Bipedalism, as an adapted trait in hominins, only has benefits:
false
Bipedalism, large brains and tool use evolved together:
false
Both Lamarck and Darwin considered variation important to understand how organisms change overtime:
false
Charles Darwin was the first person to understand how variation is maintained through genetics:
false
Classic Neandertal fossils are found from 130k - 10k:
false
Compared to Homo erectus, Paranthropus species had small teeth:
false
Comte de Buffon was the first one to believe in fixity of species?
false
Darwin called the units of inheritance that pass traits from parents to offspring "genes."
false
Darwin relied on microbiology and genetics to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection:
false
Despite no evidence of Neandertal mtDNA in Homo sapiens today, contributions of Neandertal nDNA in Homo sapiens fully supports the multiregional model of modern human origins:
false
Everyone agrees that there is one "best" species concept:
false
Flight/wings of different species (e.g. fruit flies and bat wings) reflect a recent common ancestor:
false
For primates, there are only benefits to living in social groups:
false
Fossils Bodo, Kabwe, Petralona, Arago and Dali represent the geographical variation documented in Homo erectus fossils:
false
Functional adaptations can never be replaced by equivalent genetic adaptations.
false
Gene frequencies remain the same over time:
false
Genes that are close together on a chromosome are much more likely to recombine than genes that are positioned farther away :
false
Genetic evidence shows that Denisovans were ancestral to Neandertals in Eurasia:
false
Hominins have an opposable big toe:
false
Homo naledi and Homo habilis share a number of morphological traits in common:
false
Homo naledi fossils are only discovered in the East African Rift Valley?
false
Homo naledi has a brain size similar to Homo erectus:
false
Homo naledi is the oldest Homo species discovered until now:
false
Humidity is perhaps the single most important variable that we can measure to understand past changes in climate:
false
Hypothermia is a potentially deadly condition that occurs in extreme hot environments:
false
In primates such as orangutans, males tend to invest more in their offspring then females:
false
Infanticide is usually carried out by the male who is the likely father of the infant:
false
Intra sexual selection is driven by female choice:
false
Kabwe is considered an Archaic Homo fossil from East Asia:
false
Kennewick man is a part of the original paleo-Indians that migrated into North America:
false
Living lemurs are found only on the main continent of Africa:
false
Mary and Louise Leakey worked for many years at hominin sites in South Africa.
false
Mendel's law of segregation states that the inheritance of one trait determines the inheritance of others, because all traits are inherited together:
false
Mitochondria are only found in prokaryote cells
false
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from both the mother and the father:
false
Most small sized primates tend to be diurnal.
false
MtDNA resides inside the nucleus of the cell:
false
Natural selection is the only source of new genetic variation in a population:
false
Natural selection works at the population level.
false
Non honing chewing is present in both apes and hominins:
false
Nonhoning chewing and bipedalism are found across all apes and hominins:
false
Old World Monkeys are more closely related to New World Monkeys than Apes:
false
Pangaea existed until about 70 millions years ago:
false
Primate societies/social groups include primates of several different species:
false
Primates who live in a group with nonrelatives will engage in altruistic behaviors more often than primates who live with relatives:
false
Punctuated equilibrium is achieved through the process of anagenesis:
false
Sickle cell anemia is only found in parts of Africa:
false
Sickle cell causes malaria:
false
Socially inherited behaviors cannot be learned:
false
Soft tissue preserves well in the fossil record:
false
Speciation events explain the extinction of species:
false
Species, speciation and systematics all attempt to explain the same processes:
false
Sperm cells are somatic cells:
false
Spider monkeys are the only New World Monkeys that do not have a prehensile tail:
false
Tarsiers are a haplorrhine primate because they share a number of ancestral traits with other haplorrhines:
false
Tarsiers are most closely related to lemurs:
false
The Cro-Magnon fossil site is the oldest modern human site in the world:
false
The Multiregional Continuity model suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated to Europe, and then interbred with Neandertals.
false
The Pleistocene experienced fewer climatic fluctuations than the Pliocene:
false
The Trinil skull cap/cranial vault is associated with Homo habilis in Africa:
false
The limestone caves at Olduvai Gorge do not allow direct dating.
false
The limestone caves of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, do not allow direct dating:
false
The multiregional model attempts to explain the origins and emergence of Neandertals in Europe:
false
The phylogenetic species concept is most useful to identify living species.
false
The ratio of 13C to 12C in glacial ice can indicate global temperature:
false
The title of Darwin's book was On the Origin of Evolution:
false
There are three human races: Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid:
false
Wallace stole Darwin's ideas and took credit for it:
false
Wet noses in some primates is a derived feature:
false
Jane Goodall studied gorillas in the wild:
false, chimpanzees?
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenesis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
femur
Who was the first scientist to challenge the concept of race?
franz boas
Which of the following processes is most likely to randomly change allele frequencies in a population?
genetic drift
Species that evolve slowly at a steady rate, accumulating small changes over time, evolve via:
gradualism
What is the biggest benefit for sociality/group living among primates?
group defense from predators
Humans belong to the Family:
homindae
The image of the fossil below has prominent brow ridges and a low, long cranium. Name the hominin.
homo erectus
Which hominin species was discovered in Zhoukoudian, China?
homo erectus
The genus and species name of humans is:
homo sapiens
Among primates, the longest period of growth and development is found in:
humans
A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the development of the entire chest cavity. This is most likely the result of a mutation:
in a hox gene
Which of the following traits helped Neandertals to adapt to life in relatively cold climates:
increases in the body mass
What is the specific name for all the chromosomes in an organism?
karyotype
Catarrhines include:
langur monkeys, patas monkeys, baboon monkeys
The most prominent feature in Homo erectus fossils is:
large brow ridges
Which of the following is a Neandertal trait:
large nasal aperture
Which of the following traits was considered derived in Australopithecus garhi?
leg length
Human production of lithic/stone tools is an example of:
material culture
Which of the following is the oldest epoch?
miocene
________ DNA is heteroplasmic.
mitochondrial
Which of the following behaviors and attributes was Jane Goodall the first to document in chimpanzees?
mother-offspring bonds, tool-making, meat-eating
Which of the following is a force of evolution?
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow
Genetic evidence suggests that Kennewick man is most closely related to:
native americans
Favoring of individuals with characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction is called:
natural selection
What did Darwin think was the primary mechanism (cause) of evolution?
natural selection
Most human DNA is:
noncoding
Dietary plasticity suggests that primates are: folivorous, quadrupedal, arboreal
none
Which of the following hominins were discovered in South Africa? Paranthropus boisei, Paranthropus aethiopicus, Australopithecus garhi
none
Homo habilis was first found at:
olduvai gorge
Primate societies featuring one male and multiple females are called:
one-male polygyny
Forensic anthropology is the scientific examination of skeletons in hope of identifying who they were in life and what happened to them. To which of the following branches
or subdisciplines, of anthropology does forensic anthropology belong?, Biological anthropology
Biological anthropology is also known as:
physical anthropology
Humans are in the order:
primate
The researchers who specifically study the behavior, biology, and ecology of our closest relatives, nonhuman primates, are known as:
primatologists
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event:
recombination
What is the single most important factor that causes speciation in natural populations?
reproductive isolation
Australopithecus afarensis was identified as bipedal based on:
rounded heel, position of foramen magnum, pelvic morphology
Which of the following types of cells in humans have fewer chromosomes than somatic cells?
sex cells
The difference in size, coloration, or other physical attributes between males and females is known as:
sexual dimorphism
Compared to hominoids, strepsirrhines have a better sense of:
smell
Where are new world monkeys found?
south america
Prior to the twentieth century, it was assumed that racial differences are:
static
Which of the following traits distinguishes Paranthropus and Australopithecus?
teeth, cranial size, cranial cresting
Which of the following is a pre-mating barrier?
temporal isolation, ecological isolation, geographical isolation
What is the difference between platyrrhines and catarrhines?
the dental formula
What do the long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists (living near the equator) indicate?
the population supports Allen's rule
Which character correctly describes non-human primates:
they are highly adaptable
What do Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus aethopicus have in common?
they were both discovered in east africa
Objects that primates use to acquire food are examples of:
tools
Free-floating RNA nucleotides match one exposed daughter strand of DNA during:
transciption
Messenger RNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm during:
transcription
"Our biology is very similar to other animals."
true
A Punnett square can be used to determine the expected percentages of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents.
true
A deme is a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring:
true
A posteriorly placed foramen magnum is associated with quadrupedalism:
true
According to the cladistic approach, humans are more closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos than they are to gorillas.
true
Acheulean tools were used for animal butchery:
true
All the genes in a cell are collectively called a genome:
true
Anatomically modern humans dispersed to Australia by 40,000:
true
Autosomal dominant disorders have a higher chance of being passed on from parents to offspring than autosomal recessive disorders.
true
Based on fossil evidence, Charles Darwin recognized the similarity between extinct ground sloths and closely related, living sloths:
true
Behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction are favored by natural selection:
true
Being nocturnal is an ancestral trait in Tarsiers:
true
Bergmann's and Allen's rules are different:
true
Biological, phylogenetic and evolutionary species concepts are context-specific:
true
Bipedalism is the term for walking on two feet:
true
Both inter- and intra-sexual selection are a type of natural selection:
true
Cercopithecoids are quite sexually dimorphic:
true
Correct placement of fossils in the environment where their living counterparts thrive helps us to understand the factors that shaped that organism's evolution:
true
Cultural adaptations (e.g. building a shelter) are often faster than biological adaptations:
true
DNA can be used to determine how organisms are evolving:
true
Darwin concluded that Africa was likely the place where hominins evolved:
true
Darwin proposed that the frequency of advantageous characteristics in a population increases over time:
true
Derived traits are the most useful types of traits to reconstruct evolutionary relationships:
true
Dominance hierarchies among males and females are dictated by group structure.
true
Early Homo fossils are characterized by derived traits such as decrease in tooth size:
true
Effects of genetic drift are most extreme in small populations:
true
Exogamous societies tend to have more genetic diversity than endogamous societies:
true
Foraminifera are microorganisms that live in the sea, whose chemical composition tells us about climate history:
true
Fossils and their geologic settings can reveal information about past diets and environments:
true
Fossils and their geologic settings reveal information about past diets and environments:
true
Founder effect can change allele frequencies between populations:
true
Genes that are close together on the same chromosome are said to be linked and inherited together as a unit.
true
Genetic divergence among species is measured by the number of base pair changes:
true
Genetic information of all living organisms is stored in DNA.
true
Good representation of fossils is important to understand the evolutionary history of species:
true
Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium explain different rates of speciation:
true
Homo erectus fossils are associated with controlled use of fire:
true
Homo erectus fossils from Dmanisi are similar to Homo erectus fossils from Africa:
true
Homo erectus has a body plan similar to modern humans:
true
Homo erectus is considered the potential ancestor of all Archaic Homo:
true
Homo habilis relied more on tools than did other early hominins:
true
Homologous traits are used to construct phylogenies:
true
Hox genes support the idea that animals share a "blueprint" because of shared ancestry:
true
Human populations that engage in activities that exert physical forces on the skeleton (e.g., walking, lifting, carrying) have bones with optimum density:
true
Humans are catarrhines:
true
Humans are part of the hominidae family:
true
Humans have a gene for digesting milk, but not all humans can digest milk into adulthood:
true
Humans have small and nonprojecting canine teeth:
true
In mammals, the male parent's gamete determines the sex of the offspring:
true
In the Linnaean classification system, humans are called Homo sapiens:
true
Increase in brain size can only be supported with an increase in food quality and more calories:
true
Increased reliance on vision in primates is a reflection of arboreal adaption.
true
Index species are species that appear or disappear from a given region at known dates:
true
It is difficult to account for the total number of species that exist today:
true
Living species provide an incomplete picture of evolution because only surviving lineages are represented:
true
Male-male competition is high when females are in estrus:
true
Microevolution refers to the changes in allele frequencies that occur from one generation to the next:
true
Most mutations are due to random changes in the DNA (spontaneous), rather than due to exposure to toxic environmental circumstances (induced):
true
Much of the genetic information found in humans is also found in distantly related organisms. For example, the DNA in baker's yeast is 45% similar to human DNA:
true
Natural selection favors some variation over others.
true
On average primates are known to spend more than 50% of their waking hours on food acquisition:
true
Osteoblasts are a type of somatic cell:
true
Osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass:
true
Paranthropus were extinct by 1ma:
true
Paranthropus/Australopithecus boisei was found at Olduvai Gorge.
true
People who live in cold environments have a relatively higher BMR, or basal metabolic rate:
true
Pre-mating barriers can result in the formation of new species:
true
Primate social behavior is influenced by evolution:
true
Primates have reduced reliance on smell, which is reflected in their smaller snouts, as compared with other mammals:
true
Primates ideally acquire food with minimal energy investment by choosing clumped food patches that they can remain in for as long as possible:
true
Rapid burial helps preserve animal remains:
true
Regular tool usage preceded human-like brain size:
true
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is found outside the East African Rift Valley:
true
Sickle cell anemia is an example of balanced polymorphism.
true
Some species of apes have the potential to acquire "symbolic language."
true
The "Taung" child is a juvenile Australopithecus africanus fossil:
true
The Levallois technology is associated with Neandertals:
true
The Neandertal hyoid bone is similar in shape to the modern human hyoid bone:
true
The Out-Of-Africa with Genetic Assimilation argues that modern humans first evolved in Africa then spread to Europe and Asia, where they underwent gene flow with some archaic species.
true
The Pleistocene experienced severe glacial and inter-glacial phases:
true
The anti-codons are found on the tRNA outside the nucleus of the cell:
true
The archaeological record of Archaic Homo suggests more complex adaptations than Homo erectus:
true
The biggest problem with extracting ancient DNA is contamination:
true
The cranial morphology of Homo erectus and all Archaic Homo species is characterized by prominent supraorbital tori:
true
The expression of X-linked disorders in males and females is different:
true
The fission-fusion residence pattern is a special type of multimale - multifemale primate social system.
true
The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy (allele) of the affected gene:
true
The pre-australopiths have bipedal traits, but also a number of ape-like characteristics:
true
The sickle-cell allele is both a byproduct of mutation and natural selection:
true
The study of the evolution, variation, and adaptation of humans and their past and present relatives is studied in biological anthropology:
true
The valgus knee allows the femur to be angled inwards in bipeds:
true
What is the first step of DNA replication?
two DNA strands seperate
According to Dariwn, the process of evolution was slow. Which theory informed this idea?
uniformitarianism
The theory that posits that natural processes that alter the geology of the Earth are gradual and the same through time, is called:
uniformitarianism
Unlike RNA, DNA does not include which nucleotide base?
uracil