Chapter 7 (Exam 3)

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Healthy BMI range?

18.5-24.9

What changes in the U.S. environment and lifestyle have contributed to the obesity epidemic?

financial burdens of medical costs fewer jobs require physical activity screen time entertainment

Gynoid body shape

(subcutaneous) at the hips and below the waist

Android body shape

(visceral) around abdominal region and above waist

Major limitations of using BMI for classification

Athletes- BMI might be above the healthy body weight range because they have a large amount of lean body mass Pregnancy- rapidly changing weight and body composition

What are the components that make up total energy expenditure?

BMR- basal metabolic rate PA- physical activity TEF- thermic effect of food

What contributes to the most TEE in a sedentary person?

Basal Metabolism

What's the thermic effect of food?

Energy needed to digest, absorb, and process nutrients from foods. fat<CHO<protein

What is EER and what are some of the variables used in its calculation?

Estimated energy requirements Variables: height, weight, age, gender, and PA

Best approach to body weight management

Involves reducing energy intake, increasing activity, and changing behavior to promote weight loss and long term management.

Explain how energy balance is related to body weight.

It simply means that body weight is not changing

What component is most variable between individuals?

Physical Activity

What happens to excess calories when we eat more energy than we expend?

extra energy will be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle and as fat in adipose tissue

How does the distribution of body fat affect the risks of excess body fat?

Visceral fat (around the organs) increases health risks more than subcutaneous fat (under skin)

When we are in a calorie deficit, how do we meet our energy needs and maintain blood glucose?

body protein is broken down to amino acids to make glucose

Describe what it means to be in energy balance.

consumption and expenditure are equal

Describe what it means to be in positive energy balance.

consumption greater than required amount

Describe what it means to be in negative energy balance

consumption less than required amount

The factors that increase basal metabolic rate

increasing lean body mass greater height and weight raise body temperature

Measuring energy expenditure: Doubly labeled water

ingest isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen

The factors that decrease basal metabolic rate

lower energy diet starvation decrease in age

Measuring energy expenditure: Indirect Calorimetry

measuring oxygen and CO2 production in chamber

Mechanism that makes you want to eat and stop eating

nerves in stomach and small intestine sense pressure and volume of food and send a message to the brain to either start or stop eating.

Role of leptin in controlling body weight

peptide hormone produced by adipocytes that signals information about the amount of body fat `

Measuring energy expenditure: Direct Calorimetry

placement in chamber to measure heat given off

How can you calculate BMI?

weight in kg/(height)^2

How can dietary carbohydrate and protein be stored as fat? Is this preferred to storing dietary fat?

when CHO is converted to pyruvate, amino acids, and NH2; then acetyl CoA can convert them to fatty acids not preferred because dietary fat expends much less energy


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