chapter 7

valid

Accuracy: the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure (you find out your scale is off by a full two pounds, the scale would not be considered valid)

What was the most controversial conclusion made by Arthur Jensen with regard to Level 1 and Level II intelligence?

African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence.

prototype

Best representation of a concept, based on experience

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

Reliable

Consistency: producing the same results again and again (weighing a bag of grapes 4 times and it gives the same result every time and this scale would be considered reliable)

range of reaction

Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the ________ model.

Working algorithm

a general set of guidelines for solving a particular problem

Norming

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

artificial concepts

are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics (shapes, fruits)

Convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution - Providing correct or established answers to problems

authority heuristic

o Believing the opinion of an authority figure on a subject just. Because the individual is an authority figure

Confirmation bias

o Faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs (Believing your boyfriend is faithful but ignoring all the signs that contradict that belief)

Availability heuristic

o Faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you *things that come to mind (Vending machines kill four to six times more people in the U.S. than sharks do each year)

Representativeness bias

o Faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgement (Campus tour)

grammar

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon (the words of a given language)

practical intelligence

street smarts and common sense

analytic intelligence

the ability typically measured by intelligence tests and crucial for academic success

standard deviation

which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can be used to give context to larger data sets?

Fluid intelligence

- Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems (puzzles, new technology)

emotional intelligence

- Ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

language

- Communication system that involved using words to transmit information from one individual to another

Heuristics

- Mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

Algorithms

- Problem solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions o Area of a rectangle

Phonemes

- The basic units of sound in a language (the English language has about 40) o D +au +g = Dog

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligences

- The better an individual is able to integrate or organize these three aspects into their daily life, the higher their intelligent

intelligence

- The capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment and pursuing ones goals

Spearman's "g"

- The measure of general intelligence - The Wechsler adult intelligence scale measures this (IQ test)

morphemes

- The smallest units of meaning in a language o Car; ball; un (meant "not"); ed (occurred in the past) pre (before)

Dysgraphia

Although her reading skills are just fine, Beatriz has difficulty with her writing. Her teachers have noticed that no matter how hard she tries and how much they work with her the handwriting on her papers is almost illegible. Further, although she has great thoughts and understands concepts at a high level, she is unable to put them into a cohesive written paper. Beatriz may suffer from

creative intelligence

Imaginative and innovative problem solving

interpersonal; intrapersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify?

indirect concept

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through

natural concept

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n)

Natural concept

Mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences (most common type of concept) (love, loyalty)

hindsight bias

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies

standardization

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study

A professional trained in psychology

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Wechsler Adolescent Intelligence Measure (WAIM)

Which option is NOT one of the Wechsler tests of intelligence

semantics

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

lexicon

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?

Robert Sternberg

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence

concepts

are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences

Interpersonal

between people (usually describing social activities)

mental set

continually using an old solution to a problem without results Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a

Divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions - Ability to think outside of the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

cognition

encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Alfred Binet

first IQ test Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

syntax

manner by which words are organized into sentences

IQ quotient

mental age/chronological age (actual age) x 100

Wechsler tests

most common IQ test used today

trail and error (insight)

most common form of problem solving

algorithm heuristic

most effect form of problem solving

Crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age - Characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

intrapersonal

relationship with yourself