PY 316 Final Exam

Which set of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?

-0.91, +0.83, +0.10, -0.03

when a researcher report demonstrates a significant treatment effect at different alpha, you can be the most confident that the effect is real at which level out of the following ones

.01

by convention, it has been determined that alpha levels should be set no larger than

.05

a researcher wants to study the effect of video games on children's number of hours of sleep. which of the following statistical method will be the best suited

ANOVA

which example illustrates a positive correlation

Salary level decreases as educational level decreases.

what is the most characteristic of a correlational study

a focus on whether a relationship exists between variables

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?

a negative correlation coefficient

a large "r" indicates

a strong relationship between two variables

cross-correlations are NOT helpful for answering/addressing which rule of causation

are there third variables that could explain the relationship

what is indicated by a negative correlation between grade point average and the number of hours spent studying for a sample of college students

as the number of hours increases, grade point average decreases

which of these is NOT an example of deception

asking a participant to fill out a series of questionnaires

what can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs

autocorrelation

when examining the results of multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to criterion variables

beta variables

all of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT

betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlation coefficients do

an independent group design is also known as

between subjects

ceiling effects can affect

both independent and dependent variables

an example of probability sampling

cluster sampling

what cannot be found in a one-group pretest/postest design

comparison group

when self-reporting on events, people's ? is very high, while their ? is actually very low

confidence, accuracy

which of these is NOT a form of reliability

content

a researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using

contrived observation

adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following

control for several variables at once

what outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very large and robust effect

correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

one category of data is obtained by measuring variables for each individual in a single group of participants. what statistics are commonly used for data in this category

correlations

what is used to control order effects in experiments

counterbalancing

what can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs

cross-sectional correlation

the two forms of research misconduct are

data falsification and data fabrication

a criterion variable is also known as what

dependent

one category of data is obtained by measuring one variable for each individual in a single group of participants. what statistics are most commonly used for data in this category

descriptive statistics

what type of poorly worded question is this: do you enjoy psychology and conducting experiments?

double-barreled

in an experiment the purpose of manipulating the independent variable is to help

establish the direction of the relationship and help eliminate the third variable problem

random assignment is used in which design

experimental

the extent to which the results from our experiment is generalizable to the population of interest is also known as

external validity

When the data for a correlational study consist of one or more scores that are not numerical values, the relationship between the variables cannot be evaluated.

false

random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-groups subject design

false

A type I error means that a researcher has

falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect

while responding to surveys, some people choose to play safe by answering in the middle of the scale. it is known as

fence-sitting

the multiple choice questions on this exam are examples of ? items

forced-choice

in understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept

identifying subgroups

A negative value for a correlation indicates

increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y

which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data

inferential statistics

which statement identifies a potential problem with internet surveys

it can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. according to cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is

large

within-subjects designs are most useful when differences are

large and there are relatively few participants available

researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by

manipulating the cause before measuring the effect

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

martin used a larger number of subjects

Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity?

maturation

if a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exist, she is curious about which of the following

mediation

what occurs when researchers see what they expect to see

observer bias

How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research?

only experiments can demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between variables

what type of question allows participants the greatest flexibility in deciding how to answer

open-ended

a single sample of individuals is assessed at two different times, before and after treatment. which of the following statistical test can highlight the difference between average scores

paired-samples t-test

such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. this is an example of which of the following

pattern and parsimony

? increases external validity and ? increases internal validity

random sampling; random assignment

which type of question is a Likert-type question

rating scale

what is a type of quantitative variable with numbers that represent equal intervals and a true 0

ratio

the three Rs of animal research are

replacement, refinement, and reduction

what are the three main principles of the belmont report

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

the institutional review board (IRB) is responsible for

reviewing proposals for new research projects

reactivity is the change in the behavior of participants by knowing that they are being watched. which of the following will not help with reactivity

rigorous code books

if a sample is selected from a population, the sample mean is essentially guaranteed to be different from the population mean. in general, the naturally occurring difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called

sampling error

experimenters use random assignment to avoid

selection effects

this occurs only when we sample those who volunteer

self-selection sampling

the direction of the relationship between variables is indicated by the

sign of the correlation.

A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?

situation noise

Ceiling effects can lead to:

small variance between groups

dr. chandler what kind of sampling

snowball sampling

what makes certain constructs harder to operationalize

some constructs are difficult to observe

which pair of variables should produce a negative relationship

speed of running and time to complete a race

which of the following is NOT a way to prevent reactivity of participants in observational studies

surveys

To be a history threat, the external event must occur:

systematically; affecting most members of the group

a study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.52 and reports p < .05. the p value indicates which of the following

the correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population

which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design

the presence of measured variables

the pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research

theory-data cycle

an independent group subjects design differs from a within-subjects design in that in the independent subjects design

there is a different group of participants for each treatment options

why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment

there may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable

why is multiple regression designs inferior to experimental designs

they can only control for a third variable that are measured

which is NOT a reason a researcher might choose a posttest/pretest design

to allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors

why should journalists report on the previous body of research when writing about a newly published scientific study

to highlight pattern and parsimony

measuring interrater reliability helps ensure that behavioral observations are objective and are not influenced by subjective interpretations of the researcher

true

with a very large sample, even a small correlation can be statistically significant

true

which is NOT a reason that a study might yeild a null result

use of within-subjects design

what can reduce measurement error

using more reliable instruments

which popular headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used

vacations are important for happiness, even when the length of vacation is controlled for