PY 316 Final Exam
Which set of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?
-0.91, +0.83, +0.10, -0.03
when a researcher report demonstrates a significant treatment effect at different alpha, you can be the most confident that the effect is real at which level out of the following ones
.01
by convention, it has been determined that alpha levels should be set no larger than
.05
a researcher wants to study the effect of video games on children's number of hours of sleep. which of the following statistical method will be the best suited
ANOVA
which example illustrates a positive correlation
Salary level decreases as educational level decreases.
what is the most characteristic of a correlational study
a focus on whether a relationship exists between variables
When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?
a negative correlation coefficient
a large "r" indicates
a strong relationship between two variables
cross-correlations are NOT helpful for answering/addressing which rule of causation
are there third variables that could explain the relationship
what is indicated by a negative correlation between grade point average and the number of hours spent studying for a sample of college students
as the number of hours increases, grade point average decreases
which of these is NOT an example of deception
asking a participant to fill out a series of questionnaires
what can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs
autocorrelation
when examining the results of multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to criterion variables
beta variables
all of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT
betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlation coefficients do
an independent group design is also known as
between subjects
ceiling effects can affect
both independent and dependent variables
an example of probability sampling
cluster sampling
what cannot be found in a one-group pretest/postest design
comparison group
when self-reporting on events, people's ? is very high, while their ? is actually very low
confidence, accuracy
which of these is NOT a form of reliability
content
a researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using
contrived observation
adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following
control for several variables at once
what outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very large and robust effect
correctly rejecting the null hypothesis
one category of data is obtained by measuring variables for each individual in a single group of participants. what statistics are commonly used for data in this category
correlations
what is used to control order effects in experiments
counterbalancing
what can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs
cross-sectional correlation
the two forms of research misconduct are
data falsification and data fabrication
a criterion variable is also known as what
dependent
one category of data is obtained by measuring one variable for each individual in a single group of participants. what statistics are most commonly used for data in this category
descriptive statistics
what type of poorly worded question is this: do you enjoy psychology and conducting experiments?
double-barreled
in an experiment the purpose of manipulating the independent variable is to help
establish the direction of the relationship and help eliminate the third variable problem
random assignment is used in which design
experimental
the extent to which the results from our experiment is generalizable to the population of interest is also known as
external validity
When the data for a correlational study consist of one or more scores that are not numerical values, the relationship between the variables cannot be evaluated.
false
random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-groups subject design
false
A type I error means that a researcher has
falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect
while responding to surveys, some people choose to play safe by answering in the middle of the scale. it is known as
fence-sitting
the multiple choice questions on this exam are examples of ? items
forced-choice
in understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept
identifying subgroups
A negative value for a correlation indicates
increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y
which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data
inferential statistics
which statement identifies a potential problem with internet surveys
it can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. according to cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is
large
within-subjects designs are most useful when differences are
large and there are relatively few participants available
researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by
manipulating the cause before measuring the effect
Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:
martin used a larger number of subjects
Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity?
maturation
if a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exist, she is curious about which of the following
mediation
what occurs when researchers see what they expect to see
observer bias
How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research?
only experiments can demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between variables
what type of question allows participants the greatest flexibility in deciding how to answer
open-ended
a single sample of individuals is assessed at two different times, before and after treatment. which of the following statistical test can highlight the difference between average scores
paired-samples t-test
such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. this is an example of which of the following
pattern and parsimony
? increases external validity and ? increases internal validity
random sampling; random assignment
which type of question is a Likert-type question
rating scale
what is a type of quantitative variable with numbers that represent equal intervals and a true 0
ratio
the three Rs of animal research are
replacement, refinement, and reduction
what are the three main principles of the belmont report
respect for persons, beneficence, justice
the institutional review board (IRB) is responsible for
reviewing proposals for new research projects
reactivity is the change in the behavior of participants by knowing that they are being watched. which of the following will not help with reactivity
rigorous code books
if a sample is selected from a population, the sample mean is essentially guaranteed to be different from the population mean. in general, the naturally occurring difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called
sampling error
experimenters use random assignment to avoid
selection effects
this occurs only when we sample those who volunteer
self-selection sampling
the direction of the relationship between variables is indicated by the
sign of the correlation.
A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?
situation noise
Ceiling effects can lead to:
small variance between groups
dr. chandler what kind of sampling
snowball sampling
what makes certain constructs harder to operationalize
some constructs are difficult to observe
which pair of variables should produce a negative relationship
speed of running and time to complete a race
which of the following is NOT a way to prevent reactivity of participants in observational studies
surveys
To be a history threat, the external event must occur:
systematically; affecting most members of the group
a study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.52 and reports p < .05. the p value indicates which of the following
the correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population
which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design
the presence of measured variables
the pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research
theory-data cycle
an independent group subjects design differs from a within-subjects design in that in the independent subjects design
there is a different group of participants for each treatment options
why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment
there may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable
why is multiple regression designs inferior to experimental designs
they can only control for a third variable that are measured
which is NOT a reason a researcher might choose a posttest/pretest design
to allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors
why should journalists report on the previous body of research when writing about a newly published scientific study
to highlight pattern and parsimony
measuring interrater reliability helps ensure that behavioral observations are objective and are not influenced by subjective interpretations of the researcher
true
with a very large sample, even a small correlation can be statistically significant
true
which is NOT a reason that a study might yeild a null result
use of within-subjects design
what can reduce measurement error
using more reliable instruments
which popular headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used
vacations are important for happiness, even when the length of vacation is controlled for