Chapter 7 Glandular tissue

• What is the lymphatic and blood supply to the thyroid gland?

* The gland drains int the superior deep cervical lymph nodes *The blood supply is supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid galnds

• What is the lymphatic and blood supply to the parathyroid glands?

* These glands drain into the superior deep cervical lymph nodes * they are supplied primarly by the inferior thyroid arteries.

• What is the lymphatic drainage and blood supply to the sublingual gland?

* drains int the submandibular lymph nodes *the blood supply is by the sublingual artery.

• What is the lymphatic drainage and blood supply to the parotid gland?

* it drains into the deep parotid lymph nodes. *the blood supply is supplied by the branches of the external carotid artery.

• What is the lymphatic drainage and blood supply to the lacrimal gland?

* the glands drain into the superficial parotid lymph nodes *the blood supply to the glands is supplied by the lacrimal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery of the internal carotid artery.

• What is the lymphatic and blood supply to the thymus gland?

* the lymphatic system arises within the substance of the gland and terminates in the internal jugular vein. *The gland is supplied by the inferior thyroid and internial thoracic arteries.

• What is the lymphatic drainage and blood supply to the submandibular gland?

* this gland drains into the submandibular lymph nodes. *It is supplied by branches of the facial and lingual arteries.

1. List the glands located in the head and neck area.

1.lacrimal gland- with lacrimal ducts 2.Parotid gland- with parotid duct 3.Submandibular gland -with submandibular duct 4. sublingual gland- with sublingual duct. 5.Minor salviray glands-with a ducct 6.Thyroid gland 7.Parathyroid glands 8.thymus gland

• How much saliva does the sublingual gland produce?

10%

• How much saliva does the parotid gland produce?

25%

• How much saliva does the submandibular gland produce?

60% to 66%

8. Why is the location of the glands in the head and neck area important to a dental professional?

A dental professional needs to be able to locate and identify these glands and their innervation, lymphatic drainage, and vascular supply as well as examine them extraoral and possibly intraorally, this information will help determine if the glands are involved in a disease process.

• What is the pathology associated with reduced tears?

Dry eye syndrome (DES)

• How many parathyroid glands are there?

Four small endocrain glands, two on each side.

• Why does crying lead to a runny nose?

From the nasolacrimal sac, the lacrimal fluid continues into the nasolacrimal duct, ultimatly draining into the inferior nasal meatus, this connection of eyes to nose explains why crying leads to a runny nose.

• Describe a healthy thyroid.

In a healthy patient the gland is not visible, yet can be palpated as a soft mass. The gland should be mobiale when swallowing.

• What innervates the thymus gland?

It is innervated by branches of the tenth cranial or vegaus nerve or cervical nerve.

• What innervates the submandibular gland?

It is innervated by the efferent (parasymapthetic) fibers of the chorda tympani and the submandibular ganglion of the 7th cranial or facial nerve.

• What types of salivary product does the minor salivary glands produce?

Mainly mucus wit some serious secreation.

• How is the thyroid gland palpated?

Manually

10. How is the pathology associated with reduced tears related to medications and dry mouth?

Many medications that cause Dry eye syndrom also cause hyposalivation.

• What type of salivary product does the sublingual gland produce?

Mixed but with the mucous secretion predominiating

• Describe the overall anatomy of the submandibular gland as far as lobes.

Most of the gland is a larger lobe, superficial to the mylohyoid muscle, but a smaller and deeper lobe wraps around the posterior border of the muscle.

7. What part of the nervous system helps regulate the flow of secretion?

Motor nerves associated with both types of glands help regulate flow of secretion and sensory nerves are also present. The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed"[3] activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation.

• Are the parathyroid glands able to be palpated?

No

• Where is its parotid duct opening located?

Opening up int the oral cavity on the inner surface of the cheek usually opposite the maxillary second molar.

• What is the term(s) for the duct associated with the parotid gland?

Parotid duct or Stensen duct

14. What is the largest encapsulated salivary gland?

Parotid salivary gland

12. What are the functions of saliva?

Saliva lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity and helps in digestion.

• What is the term(s) for the duct associated with the submandibular gland?

Submandibular duct or Wharton duct

• What innervates the parathyroid glands?

Sympathetic nerves same as thyroid gland

• What type of blood cells mature in the thymus gland?

T-cells, White blood cells

• What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

Tey produces and secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the vascular system to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. It may also alter the function of the thyroid if they are involved in the disease process.

• Why is the submandibular gland more involved in stone formation than other salivary glands?

The ducts tortuous travel for a considerable upward distance may be the reason it is most commonly involved in stone formation.

• Outline the lifespan of the thymus gland from birth to adulthood.

The gland grows from birth to puberty, starts after puberty, the gland stops growing starts to shrink. Undergoing invalution, by adulthood the gland has almost disappeared and returned to its low birth weight. making it a temporary structure, the adult gland consist of two lateral lobes, right and left connected by an isthmus at the midline.

• Describe the overall anatomy of the parotid gland as far as lobes and what divides the gland.

The gland is divided into two lobes superficial and deep.

• How do you palpate the sublingual gland?

The gland is effectively palpated on the floor of the mouth posterior to each mandibular canine.

• What innervates the thyroid gland?

The gland is innervated by the sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia

• Where is the location of the sublingual gland?

The gland occupies the sublingual fossa in the sublingual facial space at the floor of the mouth.

• What innervates the lacrimal glands?

The glands are innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the 7th cranial or facial nerve.

• What innervates the minor salivary glands?

The glands are innervated by the seventh craniel nerve or facial nerve.

• Do the minor salivary glands have ducts?

The minor salivary glands are also exocrine glands but their unnamed ducts are shorter than that of the major salivary glands.

• Where are the minor salivary glands located?

The minor salivary glands are scattered in the tissue of the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, the soft palate the lateral parts of the head palate, and the floor of the mouth.

• What innervates the parotid gland?

The parotid salivary gland is innervated by the motor or efferent ( parasympathetic) nerves of the otic ganglion of the ninth cranial or glossopharyngeal nerve. However, the 7th cranial nerve ( facial) travels through the gland between its superficial and deep lobes to serve as a divider but not involved in innervation.

• What is the term(s) for the duct(s) associated with the sublingual gland?

The short ducts associated with the gland in some cases combined to form the sublingual duct or Bartholin duct.

• Where are the two locations where the sublingual gland secretions drain into the mouth?

The sublingual salivary glands drain int the submandibular lymph nodes.

• What is the location of the submandibular gland?

The submandibular gland occupies the submandibular fossa, in the submandibular facial space. mainly in the posterior part.

13. List the major salivary glands.

The three Major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.

• Where is the thymus gland located?

The thymus gland is located in the thorax and the anterior region of the base of the neck, inferior to the thyroid gland.

21. What is the largest endocrine gland?

The thyroid gland

• Where is the thyroid gland located?

The thyroid is located in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck. It is inferior to the thyroid cartilage, at the junction between the larynx and the treachea.

• What is the lymphatic drainage and blood supply to the minor salivary glands?

These glands drain into various lymph nodes and are supplied by various arteries depending on the area where they are located.

• Does the parathyroid glands have a duct system?

They are ductless

24. What endocrine gland is also part of the immune system?

Thymus gland, it is part of the immune system that fights disease process; the T cell lymphocytes, white blood cells of the immune system mature in the galnd in response to stimulation by thymus hormones.

• What hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and what is its function?

Thyroxine, thyroxine is a hormone that stimulates the metobolic rate.

• What glands are associated with the large circumvallate lingual papillae?

Von Ebners glands are associated with the large circumvallate lingual papillae on the posterior part of the tounges dorsal surface.

2. What is the function of a gland?

a structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal body functioning.

• How is the parotid gland palpated?

bilaterally

• How is the submandibular gland palpated?

bilaterally palpated inferior and posterior to the body of the mandible.

4. What general type of gland is a ductless gland?

endocrine gland

3. What general type of gland has a duct(s) associated with it?

exocrine gland

11. What type of gland are the salivary glands?

exocrine glands

• What is an enlarged thyroid gland termed that may be firm and tender when palpated?

goiter

• What is the pathology associated with the thymus gland?

if older patients and high levels of radiation therapy when they were children it can result in cancer in adults.

• What can happen when the parotid gland is involved in cancer?

it changes the consistency of the gland, also causing unilateral facial pain on the involved side.

• What innervates the sublingual gland?

it is innervated by the efferent parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani and the 7th cranial facial nerve

• What type of salivary product does the submandibular gland produce?

it is mixed with both serous and mucous secretions.

5. If the gland is ductless, how is the secretion distributed?

it is poured directly into the vascular system.

• What ducts drains the lacrimal fluid?

lacrimal and nasolacrimal ducts

• What is lacrimal fluid?

lacrimal fluid is a watery fluid that lubricates the conjunctiva lining inside of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball.

• Where are the lacrimal glands located?

lacrimal fossa of frontal bone

• With what infection does the parotid gland become enlarged?

mumps

• Is the thymus gland easily palpated?

no

• Does the thymus gland have a duct system?

no, it is ductless

• Does the thyroid have a duct system?

no, it is ductless, this gland produces and secretes thyroxine directly into the vascular system.

• Where is the submandibular duct opening(s) located?

opens into the oral cavity at the sublingual caruncle.

6. What is the function of the duct system?

passageway to carry the secretion from the exocrain gland to the location where it will be used.

20. What types of pathology can be associated with the salivary glands?

salivary stone, hyposalivation, xerostomia

• What type of salivary product is produced by the parotid gland?

serous type of secretion

17. What is the only unencapsulated major salivary gland?

sublingual salivary gland

• Where are the parathyroid glands located?

the parathyroid glands are usually adjacent to or within the thyroid gland on its posterior surface.

• Where is the parotid gland located?

they occupy the parotid fiscal space, posterior to the mandibular ramus, anterior and inferior to the ear. (Parotid glands, which are the largest, are inside each cheek. They sit above your jaw in front of your ears.)