Chapter 7: Human Movement Science

Which of the following solutions would allow an individual to achieve a greater depth during the lowering phase of the squat if ankle stiffness is the cause? Place a small board under the toes Place a small board under the heels Stretch the ankle dorsiflexor musculature Stretch the ankle eversion musculature

Place a small board under the heels

When an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist a. Muscle imbalance b. Altered length-tension relationship c. Altered reciprocal inhibition d. Reciprocal inhibition

Altered reciprocal inhibition

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen a. Muscle imbalance b. Altered length-tension relationship c. Altered reciprocal inhibition d. Reciprocal inhibition

Reciprocal inhibition

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body Plantar flexion Abduction Eversion Adduction Dorsiflexion

Adduction

The anterior oblique subsystem includes which of the following muscle groups? Adductors (inner thigh) and contralateral quadratus lumborum Hamstrings and erector spinae Adductor (inner) thigh muscles, obliques, and hip external rotators Thoracolumbar fascia and contralateral gluteus maximus

Adductor (inner) thigh muscles, obliques, and hip external rotators

Muscles that act as the prime movers for a joint motion

Agonists

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce a. Muscle imbalance b. Altered length-tension relationship c. Altered reciprocal inhibition d. Reciprocal inhibition

Altered length-tension relationship

Perform the opposite action of the prime mover

Antagonist

What are the three overarching types of muscle actions? A. Eccentric, isotonic, and isometric B. Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic C. Concentric, eccentric, and isometric D. Concentric, isokinetic, and isometric

B. Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic

What is the imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides? A. The frontal plane B. The sagittal plane C. The coronal plane D. The transverse plane

B. The sagittal plane

The muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and low back region make up which of the following global muscular subsystems? A. Lateral subsystem (LS) B. Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS) C. Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS) D. Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)

C. Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)

One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called? A. Myofibrils B. Subsystems C. Muscle synergies D. Local muscular systems

C. Muscle synergies

Motor Development

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

Describing a muscle action resulting in the shortening of a muscle Hypermobility Concentric Hypomobility Eccentric Flexibility

Concentric

Stored energy from an efficiently functioning stretch-shortening cycle is released during which muscle action? Concentric Isometric Eccentric Isokinetic

Concentric

On the opposite side of the body

Contralateral

What does the term force refer to? A. The ability to move the body in one direction as fast as possible B. The ability of the nervous system to produce great strength in the shortest time C. The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome a load D. The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration

D. The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration

What concept describes how the function of one segment of the body can impact other areas? A. The imaginary plane theory B. The all-or-nothing principle C. The force-couple relationship D. The regional interdependence model

D. The regional interdependence model

Flexion occurring at the ankle Plantar flexion Abduction Eversion Adduction Dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion

Describing a muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening Hypermobility Concentric Hypomobility Eccentric Flexibility

Eccentric

During a squat, the lowering phase would be described as what type of muscle action? Isokinetic Eccentric Isometric Concentric

Eccentric

Which muscle functions as part of the global muscular system? Transversus abdominis Multifidus Internal oblique Erector spinae

Erector spinae

A movement in which the heel bone moves laterally Plantar flexion Abduction Eversion Adduction Dorsiflexion

Eversion

Pronation of the foot describes what multiplanar movements? Eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle adduction Inversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle adduction Eversion, plantar flexion, and ankle abduction Eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction

Eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction

What is the concept used to describe the action of muscles that have the ability to contract automatically in anticipation of movement? Synergist function Feed-forward Feedback Antagonist function

Feed-forward

What type of lever could be described as having a fulcrum in the middle like a seesaw? Fourth class First class Second class Third class

First Class

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of joint motion Hypermobility Concentric Hypomobility Eccentric Flexibility

Flexibility

A joint having more range of motion than it should Hypermobility Concentric Hypomobility Eccentric Flexibility

Hypermobility

When range of motion at a joint is limited Hypermobility Concentric Hypomobility Eccentric Flexibility

Hypomobility

Muscle Synergies

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.

During a squat, which muscle group isometrically contracts to prevent unnecessary thigh movement in the frontal plane? Hip flexors Hip extensors Hip abductors Hip internal rotators

Hip abductors

Motor Control

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Below an identified reference point

Inferior

Motor Learning

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.

Which of the following force couples is accurately linked to the movement created by their combined action? Upper trapezius and serratus anterior functioning to create downward rotation of the scapula Internal and external obliques functioning to create trunk rotation The gastrocnemius and soleus functioning to create ankle dorsiflexion Deltoid and rotator cuff functioning to create shoulder adduction

Internal and external obliques functioning to create trunk rotation

What term is used to describe muscle tension that is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint? Isometric Eccentric Isokinetic Concentric

Isometric

Relatively closer to the midline of the body

Medial

Motor Behavior

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships a. Muscle imbalance b. Altered length-tension relationship c. Altered reciprocal inhibition d. Reciprocal inhibition

Muscle imbalance

Extension occurring at the ankle Plantar flexion Abduction Eversion Adduction Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

On or toward the back of the body

Posterior

What term is used to describe the concept of how the functioning of one body segment can impact other areas of the body? Regional interdependence Kinesiology Osteokinematics Biomechanics

Regional interdependence

Which of the following effects may occur if the amortization phase of a plyometric exercise is prolonged? The neurological stretch reflex will be optimally activated, and the unloading phase will be less powerful. Stored energy will dissipate, and the unloading phase will be less powerful. Stored energy will dissipate, and the unloading phase will be more powerful. The neurological stretch reflex will be optimally activated, and the unloading phase will be more powerful.

Stored energy will dissipate, and the unloading phase will be less powerful.

Create forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primaryforce producer

Synergist

Human Movement Science (HMS)

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

How should the amortization phase of the stretch-shortening cycle be described? The transition between the concentric and isometric phases The transition between the isometric and eccentric phases The transition from concentric loading to eccentric unloading The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading

Performing a biceps curl with a dumbbell in the hand is an example of which type of lever? Fourth class Second class First class Third class

Third class

The posterior oblique system includes which of the following muscle groups? Thoracolumbar fascia and contralateral gluteus maximus Adductors (inner thigh) and hip external rotators Adductors (inner thigh) and contralateral quadratus lumborum Hamstrings and erector spinae

Thoracolumbar fascia and contralateral gluteus maximus

How is an isokinetic muscle contraction best described? A contraction that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle A contraction that occurs when the speed of movement is fixed and the resistance varies with the force exerted A contraction that occurs when muscle tension is developed and movement occurs through a given range of motion at a speed that may vary A contraction that occurs when muscle tension is created without a change in length and no visible movement of the joint

A contraction that occurs when the speed of movement is fixed and the resistance varies with the force exerted

Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body Plantar flexion Abduction Eversion Adduction Dorsiflexion

Abduction

Which type of exercise accommodates effort whereby the harder the individual pushes or pulls, the more resistance they feel, despite the movement speed remaining constant? Isometric Eccentric Isokinetic Concentric

Isokinetic

Contract isometrically to support and stabilize the joints

Stabilizer

TRUE OR FALSE? The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that the distal segments, such as the person's hands or feet, are not fixed and are able to move freely.

false