chapter 7 nutrition

pro for teen vegans

Can be healthy diet because more fruits and vegetables are consumed

pros of vegetarianism

Weigh less Have less heart disease (eat less saturated fat and cholesterol) Often exercise more, meditate for relaxation, and avoid tobacco & alcohol

_________ (NH3) is converted to urea that the kidneys excrete in urine.

ammonia

have more protein than plant foods

animal foods

Protein found in wheat, oats, barley, and rye.

gluten

Protein needs increase during periods of

growth, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery from illness or injury.

foods avoided in phenylaline diet

nuts, milk and milk products, eggs, meats, as well as foods and beverages containing aspartame (e.g., Nutrasweet or Equal)

Allergies to ______, _____, ______ are typically not outgrown

nuts, seafood, wheat

Most children _______their allergies by age 5 yrs

outgrow

Consumes eggs

ovovegetarian

vegetarism for children may be difficult to consume adequate _______and energy, because plant foods tend to be filling. Growth rates of vegan children need close monitoring.

protein

_________-% of adults develops food allergies

3-4

Daily protein needs of healthy adults: RDA =

0.8

Nearly all foods contain some protein, but no natural food is _____ protein

100%

______different amino acids are found in human proteins

20

______% of children have food allergies

6

choose extra lean ground beef at________%

90

pregnant vegetarians may need supplement ______ of the infant could be deficient

B12

vegetarian womens breastmilk may be deficient in _____ and could effect the infant

B12

protein- rich foods

Cow's milk Eggs Peanuts - Wheat - Soybeans - Fish & shellfish

requires manufacturers to identify allergenic ingredients on product labels.

Food Allergen Labeling & Consumer Protection Act

nonproteins foods

Food dyes - Sulfites added to: Wine Potatoes Shrimp

Signs occur within a few minutes or couple of hours and typically include: food allergies

Hives (red raised bumps on skin) Swollen or itchy lips Skin flushing Scaly skin rash (eczema) Difficulty swallowing Wheezing and difficulty breathing Abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea

lean pork cuts include

Loin, tenderloin, and center loin

Characterized by edema in the abdomen, lower legs, and feet

Marasmic Kwashiorkor

con for teen vegans

May be at risk of anorexia nervosa

Genetic disorder Affects ~ 1/10,000 to 1/15,000 infants Caused by lack of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to another compound If undiagnosed, infant will develop mental retardation by first birthday

PKU

low phenylalanine diet

Phenylalanine-free formula and low-phenylalanine foods

lean cuts of beef include

Round steaks, top round, loin, top sirloin, chuck and arm roasts

occurs in the small intestine

absorption

___________ cells release enzymes that digest most small peptides into individual amino acids.

absorptive cells

Inflammatory response resulting when body's immune system reacts inappropriately to a substance that is typically harmless

allergy

each amino is composed of

amino ( nitrogen containing group) r- group (varies) acid group (acid portion)

Individual amino acids and some di- and tripeptides enter absorptive cells, where they are completely digested to _____ ______

amino acids

Proteins are made of smaller units called

amino acids

_______ offending foods

avoid

treatment for celiac disease

avoid gluten containing foods

gluten triggers inflammatory disease in small intestine called

celiac disease

symptoms of celiac disease

chronic diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth in children, anemia

proteins that are needed for blood clotting

clotting

proteins that enable muscles to move

contractile

Altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing its various conditions, including heat, alcohol, acid, and physical agitation Heat denatures protein in raw eggs. Acidic lemon juice "curdles" protein in milk. Hydrochloric acid denatures food proteins in the stomach, making them easy to digest. Physical agitation includes whipping foods, such as beating egg whites to incorporate air into them.

denaturation

Cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided in ______ molecule used to build proteins. not a protein

dna

______teachers and other adults of allergic children's need to avoid certain foods

educate

Compounds that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions.

enzymes

_______ are proteins

enzymes

Cannot be made by the body must be supplied by the diet 9 of the 20 amino acids

essential amino acids

Who develops food allergies People with ___________ ________ of food or environmental allergies

family history

proteins aid in

fluid balance

foods allowed in phenylalnine diet

fruits, vegetables, and special low-phenylalanine foods

Contains all 9 essential amino acids in amounts that support growth Most animal products High-quality plant foods: quinoa and processed soy

high quality protein

are chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses. Examples: insulin and glucagon

hormones

certain _____ are proteins

hormones

denatures proteins

hydrochloric acid

Adequate energy intake but intake of high-quality protein is low Edema

kwashiorkor

2 types of protein undernutrition

kwashiorkor, marasmus

Cons of vegetarianism

lack Calories High-quality protein Omega-3 fatty acids Vitamins B-12 and D Zinc, iron, and calcium

Consumes eggs, milk, and milk products

lactoovovegetarian

Consumes milk and milk products

lactovegetarian

recommended for protein intake

lean low fat meat or poultry

Include more ___________in meals (e.g., chili, bean soups, and stews) while reducing meat content.

legumes

Make meals that contain _________animal proteins and more plant proteins.

less

Lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more essential amino acid Most plant foods and gelatin (animal tissue byproduct)

low quality protein

starvation- extreme weight loss

marasmus

Substitute eggs, milk, cheese, and yogurt for ________________

meat, fish, poultry

Can be made by the body 11 of the 20 amino acids

nonessential amino acid

the enzyme ______ digests proteins into smaller polypeptides

pepsin

amino acids connected by

peptide bonds

chains of less than 15 amino acids

peptides

proteins such as melanin determine color of eyes, hair, and skin

pigment

Mixing certain_______foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins

plant

proteins made up of more than 50 amino acids

polypeptides

_______ in blood help maintain the proper distribution of fluids within bloodstream and body tissues.

proteins

______ food labels to check for allergens

read

complementary protein dishes

red beans and rice, hummus, peanut butter on cracker with wheat germ

If the DNA code is faulty, the wrong amino acid may be inserted into a protein, causing detrimental effects, such as defective hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia

in an inherited condition that affects red blood cells

sickle cell anemia

polypeptides enter the _____ ______

small intestine

"Where ____ goes _____ follows"

solutes, solvents

protein digestion begins in the

stomach

proteins in cartilage, ligaments, bones, hair, skin, and nails

structural

Types and Functions of Proteins

structural, contractile, pigment, clotting

Oxygen and many nutrients are transported in blood by special proteins.

transport proteins

_______ visible fat from meats

trim

The enzymes _____and____ break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and individual amino acids.

trypsin, chymotrypsin

Amino acids often low or limiting in plant proteins:

tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and methionine

Results from chronic lack of food or poor food choices

undernutrition

consumes only plant foods

vegan

people who eat plant based diets

vegetarians

Most food allergens are proteins that escape digestion and are absorbed as _________ ___________

whole proteins