Chapter 7
Short-term memory is usually only retained for as long as ______ seconds.
30
Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory?
Central executive Phonological loop Visuo-spatial working memory
Which of the following best illustrates the serial position effect?
David can remember the first couple of people and the last couple of people eliminated on his favorite reality show.
______ concluded that most forgetting takes place soon after we learn something.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Which of the following is an example of chunking?
Sam has to remember a series of 12 numbers. He decides to use the birth years of his three sisters (198819892001).
Which of the following statements describes sustained attention?
The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged time
Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates
The serial position effect
Which of the following statements describes implicit memory?
The unconscious recollection of how to do something
True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive
True
True or false: Proactive interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.
True
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, the three separate memory systems are
a sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory.
Hazel vividly remembers her first week in college. This is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
Studies where people remember a word that was never presented, but was related to other words _______ memories.
false
______ memories occur when people remember something that never actually occurred.
false
People sometimes forget something because other information gets in the way. This is explained by _____ theory.
interference
Encoding failure doesn't really represent forgetting. It occurs when information was never entered into ______-term memory.
long
Implicit memory is also called:
nondeclarative memory
A type of explicit long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears to be with a person pretty much forever is called ________ memory.
permastore
You are watching a reality show, and you can easily remember the first two people who were eliminated from the show but can't remember the ones who were eliminated around the middle of the series. This is an example of the _____ effect.
primacy
David's address for the last 5 years was 13 Sky Lane, but he recently moved to 13 Star Drive. Sometimes, when he's asked his address, he gives the old address. This is an example of ______ interference.
proactive
You have an old friend named James. Last night at the bar, you were talking to this guy named Joe. However, you kept making the mistake of calling him James. This best illustrates
proactive interference.
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year and she didn't drive during that time. When she came back to the States, she found it effortless to drive her car. This is an example of ______ memory.
procedural
An implicit memory for skills is known as _____ memory.
procedural
An essay test relies on the memory task called
recall
Toby went on several outings with his college extracurricular club, but he remembers the last two trips better, and has forgotten entirely about a few of the trips during the middle of the year. This is an example of the _________ effect.
recency
A memory task that only requires someone to identify learned items is called ________
recognition
A multiple-choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a ______ task.
recognition
Jeremy tries to associate his new work colleagues with the color of the shirt they wore on their first day. He uses the color information, which he remembers well, as a(n) _____ cue for the new coworkers' names.
retrieval
Jeremy tries to associate his new work colleagues with the color of the shirt they wore on their first day. He uses the color information, which he remembers well, as a(n) _______ cue for the new coworkers' names.
retrieval
Thom is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.
retrieval
When you remember the name of your first-grade teacher, this is an example of
retrieval.
Your best friend Suzanne got married and uses her husband's last name. Last night, you couldn't remember her maiden last name; you could only remember her new, married last name. This is an example of ______ interference.
retroactive
After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for "red" in Spanish is required, you correctly say "rojo." But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of
retroactive interference.
Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who he is. This is an example of
the encoding specificity principle
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory storage
there are three separate memory systems
Sustained attention is also known as
vigilance
______-______ involves relating information to your own experience or your own life
Self reference
_____ is how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.
Storage
True or false: In order to encode information into memory, you must pay attention to the information
True
Which of the following statements are true regarding the recency effect?
The last items in a list are recalled because they may still be in working memory. The last items in a list are recalled because they were just encountered.
Which of the following statements describes divided attention?
Your ability to concentrate on more than one activity at the same time
Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs? (Select all that apply.)
The first few items are rehearsed more. When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time. The first few items are more elaboratively processed.
Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered? (Select all that apply.
The items may still be in working memory. The items' recency makes them easier to recall.
If you hit your head on the pavement and cannot remember what happened the rest of the day after the accident, you would have _______ amnesia.
anterograde
According to ______ theory, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.
decay
Dr. Quincy loves to have students in the Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of having students read and study material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands
memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have
______ _______ refers to the number of digits and individual can report back, in order, after a single presentation.
memory span
Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with
prospective memory.
Storage encompasses how information is
retained over time
Unlike encoding failure, _____ failure represents a clear example of forgetting information.
retrieva
Unlike encoding failure, _______ failure represents a clear example of forgetting information.
retrieval
Using retrieval cues, sitting comfortably, and staying calm are all strategies for
retrieval
Last night at the club, you were talking to a girl named Reina. Today, you keep calling your best friend Reina, even though her name is Roselyn. This best illustrates
retroactive interference.
Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make 6 varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of
retroactive interference.
There are several types of memory loss known as amnesia. The _______ variety refers to memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events and the _______ variety refers to memory loss that affects the retention of new events.
retrograde anterograde
Gladys has a lot on her mind. Right now, she needs to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of ______ memory.
retrospective
The term used for remembering the past is ______ memory.
retrospective
Encoding is
the initial step of getting information into memory storage.
Memory retrieval takes place
when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Which of the following are tips for encoding information to be remembered?
Pay attention. Elaborate on the points to be remembered. Use imagery.
Which is not an important process in memory?
experience
The type of memory that stores information for years is ________-_________ memory.
long term
Amnesia is
loss of memory
According to the levels of processing theory, we are ______ likely to recall information that has been processed at the deepest level, compared to our recall for information that has been processed at the shallowest level.
most
Which of the following is NOT a tip for rehearsing?
using chunking
Which of the following are rehearsal strategies?
Talking to people about what you have learned Rewriting class notes
Which of the following statements describes explicit memory?
The conscious recollection of specific facts about an event or situation
Retrieve
Use cues Be calm and relaxed Recognition and recall
According to George Miller, the range of items we can keep track of in short-term memory is _____, plus or minus 2
7
Alan has a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he'd forgotten his list. Which of the following situations illustrates the primacy effect?
Alan remembers the first three items on the list.
Another word for explicit memory is _______ memory.
declarative
______ works by "packaging" large amounts of information together so it can be remembered as single units, making it more manageable.
Chunking
Brenda was somewhat rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes would be held in a different lecture hall than the one the class is normally in. She just finished a learning and behavior class so she understands the principle that applies to this situation. What principle would that be?
Context-dependent memory
Reviewing your course notes routinely so you can catch errors early is a tip for
organizing
Eli knows the name of the capital of his state, but he can't quite recall the name of it when his teacher asks. This is known a
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Cooper is a marine biologist doing research on the Atlantic shore. He sees a sea cucumber and begins to think of the first time he saw one as a child while on vacation with his parents. Which level of encoding best describes Cooper's experience?
Deepest
At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?
Deepest level
Encoding failure occurs when the information
was never entered into long-term memory
Retrograde amnesia
"Old" information is lost Cannot remember past events or information Most common type of amnesia
______ failure is when the information was placed in memory, but the rememberer cannot get the information back out of memory.
Retrieval
_______ failure is when the information was placed in memory, but the rememberer cannot get the information back out of memory.
Retrieval
_____ occur when people remember something that never actually occurred
False memories
What theorist was a pioneer in the research on forgetting during the late 1800s?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
When you were in grade school, your two best friends were twins named Mark and Matt. Ten years later, you are living next door to twins named Martin and Monty. Much to your embarrassment, you find yourself repeatedly referring to your new neighbors (Martin and Monty) as Mark and Matt. This can be explained by
Interference Theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?
It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store information longer than sensory memory.
Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?
It is like a mental blackboard. It includes short term memory and attention.
Which statements are true concerning rehearsal for memory storage? (Choose every correct answer.)
It is often verbal. It improves short-term memory. It is the conscious repetition of information.
Which of the following is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information?
Long-term
Susan is studying for a test that requires her to know the names of all the United States Presidents in sequential order. Which of the following statements explains why she is struggling to remember names from the middle of the list but not from the beginning of the list?
More than likely she has rehearsed the names at the beginning of the list more because she starts at the beginning each time.
Divided Attention
Occurs when you are listening to music and reading this chapter at the same time.
Sustained Attenion
Occurs when you are rereading and focusing on your notes to study for an exam.
Multitasking
Occurs when you are texting, driving, talking with your friend next to you, and listening to music.
Oscar is participating in a psychology experiment where he has to memorize a list of words. Which of the following situations illustrates the recency effect?
Oscar remembers the last four words on the list.
Which of the following represents the portion of original learning that appears destined to be with a person virtually forever, even without rehearsal?
Permastore
_____ interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.
Proactive
Memories of how to ride a bike would be stored in __________ memory, a division of long-term memory.
Procedural
Someone calls you and gives you a phone number. You don't have any paper or pencil to write the number down so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____
Rehearsal
In general, the more ______ the processing, the better the memory will be
elaborate
Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then, she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of
elaboration
Working memory
is an active memory system.
Which effect involves relating information to be learned to one's own experience?
Self-reference
Which of the following best illustrates encoding?
Ari is watching a move for the first time, and is taking in all of the new information.
Anterograde Amnesia
Cannot make new memories Future information not retained
________ the process by which a large amount of information is broken up into smaller, meaningful pieces of information to help a person memorize them, is a tip for encoding.
Chunking
According to _______ theory, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.
Decay
________ memory is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.
Episodic
_________ memory is a type of explicit memory that includes your areas of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words and common things.
Semantic
Which statement best describes the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
Feeling confident about knowing something, yet not being able to get it out of memory
Which level of memory has a time frame of a fraction of a second up to several seconds?
Sensory memory
Which of the following are systems of memory storage in the Atkinson-Shriffin model?
Sensory memory Long-term memory Short-term memory
Which of the following are important retrieval strategies for successful test-taking? (Select three correct answers)
Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished.
What are recommended tips for dealing with course notes for studying?
Organize the notes according to an outline or similar hierarchy. Arrange the notes to fit memory schemas you are already familiar with. Rework the notes and related material to give them a memorable structure.
Encode
Paying attention and staying focused Use chunking Use imager process at a deep level
______ interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.
Proactive
_____ memory involves remembering information about doing something in the future.
Prospective
Rehearse
Rewrite or retype your notes Teach people what you have learned
______ is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer
Short-term memory
Which of the following are true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?
The material is easier to remember. Retrieval paths are created.
Bryant's piano instructor is having Bryant and his classmates practice for their performance in the actual performance hall, which takes advantage of ideas related to _______-dependent memory.
context
If you are watching television while doing your homework you are engaging in
divided attention
When ______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.
elaboration
When information never enters into long-term memory it is called
encoding failure.
Which of the following concepts explains why you might not recognize your doctor when you are seated next to him at a restaurant?
encoding specificity
One day, you were talking to your friend about how you celebrated birthdays when you were younger. You tell your friend about different birthday cakes and the time you had a party at the park. Reminiscing about old times triggers ______ memory, a division of long-term memory.
episodic
The number of digits an individual can report back, in order, after a single presentation, is called a participant's
memory span
In Roediger and McDermott's false memory research, a participant may falsely remember seeing the word "bed" among other words such as
rest, drowsy, and tired.
A recall task such as an essay exam has poor _____ cues to the correct answer.
retrieval
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of _____ memory.
semantic
Psychologists describe memory as
the retention of information or experience over time
