Chapter 7 Skeletal System

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Which are the smallest vertebrae of the column?

Cervical

What regions is the spine divided into?

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx

What is the hyoid bone?

The U shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and upper part of the larynx

What does the foramen house?

The vertebral artery, vein, and nerves

What is special about the lumbar?

They are the largest and strongest

Where do the ribs attach?

To the thoracic cavity

what is scoliosis?

a condition that occurs when the spine abnormally curves side to side

when is scoliosis common?

before adolescence

what is in the pectoral girdle?

clavicles and scapulae

What is 4 or 5 separate vertebrae in a child but fuse into one bone as an adult?

coccyx

what is normal curvature of the spine?

convex through the thoracic region and concave through the cervical and lumbar regions

By what type of cartilage do the ribs attach to the sternum?

costal cartilage

what is in the pelvic girdle?

coxal bones on each side (ilium, ischium, pubis) and the sacrum

what is a closed/simple fracture?

does not break the skin

when is hunchback common?

elderly with osteoporosis or chronic arthritis

what is different about the pelvis?

females: wider in all dimensions, shorter and roomier, pelvic outlet is larger, short flat sacrum, movable coccyx, pubic arch is greater than a 90 degree angle

what are the lower limbs?

femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

what three skeletal differences do men and women have?

general form, skull, and pelvis

what are the upper limbs?

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

can hunchback be treated?

if treated early enough, kyphosis from poor posture can be corrected through exercises that support good posture

when is sway back common?

in pregnant women as their body adjusts to the changes in her center of gravity also caused by degeneration of the spine or by a traumatic injury

what is an oblique fracture?

involves a break that is on an angle

what is a transverse fracture?

involves a fracture line at a right angle to the bone's axis

what is a linear fracture?

involves a fracture line parallel to a bone's axis

what is an incomplete simple fracture?

involves only a partial break

what does the normal curvature do?

it gives the spine extra strength necessary to support the weight of the body and balance necessary to stand and walk

what is sway back? what is it also know as?

it is a condition that occurs in the lumbar region if the spine is curved too much it is AKA lordosis

what is hunchback? what is it also known as?

it occurs when there is an abnormal curvature in the thoracic region of the spine it is AKA kyphosis

what are the clinical signs and symptoms of a fracture?

loss of function pain soft tissue bruising physical deformity

what is different about the skull?

males: forehead is shorter vertically, mandible and maxillae are larger, facial area more pronounced

what is different about the general form?

males: have heavier and thicker bones, muscle attached sites are larger and joint surfaces are larger

do the false ribs attach to the sternum directly?

no

what do spine disorders interfere with?

normal breathing and posture

What is the purpose of the vertebral column?

It encloses the spinal cord

What is special about the hyoid bone?

It is the ONLY bone in the body that does not form a joint with any other bone

What is the xyphoid process?

Projection of cartilage at the lower end of the sternum.

The vertebrae is followed by what two bones?

Sacrum and coccyx

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

What numbers are the cervical region?

1-7; so there are 7

what does treatment involve?

reduction or realignment of the bone immobilization rehab if necessary

what is the hope of treatment?

the bone will REMODEL naturally through calcium absorption from the blood stream

what is a open/compound fracture?

the broken bone projects through the skin; this increases the risk of bone infection

what are the floating ribs?

the last two pairs that don't attach to the sternum at all

how does muscle stimulation help?

the muscles are stimulated to contract and pull the vertebrae into a more normal position

What are 5 separate vertebrae until the age of 25? What do they do at this age?

the sacrum they fuse to form one wedge shaped bone

what is a complete simple fracture?

they involve a break across the entire section of the bone

where do your true ribs attach?

to the sternum via costal cartilage

how is scoliosis treated?

treated with the use of a brace that is worn around the chest or through stimulation of the muscles along the vertebral column

which are your false ribs?

upper 3 pairs that attach to the sternum by means of the costal cartilage of the 7th rib

Which ribs are your true ribs?

upper 7 pairs

what are the 7 types of fractures?

1.open/compound 2. closed/simple 3. complete simple 4. incomplete simple 5. linear fractures 6. transverse fractures 7. oblique fractures

What does the thoracic cage include?

12 pairs of ribs and the sternum

What numbers are the lumbar vertebrae?

20-24; so there are 5

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

24

What numbers are the thoracic region?

8-19; so there are 12

What is the first cervical vertebrae called? What does it do?

Atlas; it supports the head

What are the two divisions of the skeleton?

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

What is the second cervical vertebrae? What does it do?

Axis; it is responsible for head movement

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Bones of the skull, the hyoid bone in the neck, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

What's the difference between the thoracic and cervical vertebrae?

The thoracic are stronger and longer than the cervical vertebrae


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