Chapter 7 Skeletal System
Which are the smallest vertebrae of the column?
Cervical
What regions is the spine divided into?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx
What is the hyoid bone?
The U shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and upper part of the larynx
What does the foramen house?
The vertebral artery, vein, and nerves
What is special about the lumbar?
They are the largest and strongest
Where do the ribs attach?
To the thoracic cavity
what is scoliosis?
a condition that occurs when the spine abnormally curves side to side
when is scoliosis common?
before adolescence
what is in the pectoral girdle?
clavicles and scapulae
What is 4 or 5 separate vertebrae in a child but fuse into one bone as an adult?
coccyx
what is normal curvature of the spine?
convex through the thoracic region and concave through the cervical and lumbar regions
By what type of cartilage do the ribs attach to the sternum?
costal cartilage
what is in the pelvic girdle?
coxal bones on each side (ilium, ischium, pubis) and the sacrum
what is a closed/simple fracture?
does not break the skin
when is hunchback common?
elderly with osteoporosis or chronic arthritis
what is different about the pelvis?
females: wider in all dimensions, shorter and roomier, pelvic outlet is larger, short flat sacrum, movable coccyx, pubic arch is greater than a 90 degree angle
what are the lower limbs?
femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
what three skeletal differences do men and women have?
general form, skull, and pelvis
what are the upper limbs?
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
can hunchback be treated?
if treated early enough, kyphosis from poor posture can be corrected through exercises that support good posture
when is sway back common?
in pregnant women as their body adjusts to the changes in her center of gravity also caused by degeneration of the spine or by a traumatic injury
what is an oblique fracture?
involves a break that is on an angle
what is a transverse fracture?
involves a fracture line at a right angle to the bone's axis
what is a linear fracture?
involves a fracture line parallel to a bone's axis
what is an incomplete simple fracture?
involves only a partial break
what does the normal curvature do?
it gives the spine extra strength necessary to support the weight of the body and balance necessary to stand and walk
what is sway back? what is it also know as?
it is a condition that occurs in the lumbar region if the spine is curved too much it is AKA lordosis
what is hunchback? what is it also known as?
it occurs when there is an abnormal curvature in the thoracic region of the spine it is AKA kyphosis
what are the clinical signs and symptoms of a fracture?
loss of function pain soft tissue bruising physical deformity
what is different about the skull?
males: forehead is shorter vertically, mandible and maxillae are larger, facial area more pronounced
what is different about the general form?
males: have heavier and thicker bones, muscle attached sites are larger and joint surfaces are larger
do the false ribs attach to the sternum directly?
no
what do spine disorders interfere with?
normal breathing and posture
What is the purpose of the vertebral column?
It encloses the spinal cord
What is special about the hyoid bone?
It is the ONLY bone in the body that does not form a joint with any other bone
What is the xyphoid process?
Projection of cartilage at the lower end of the sternum.
The vertebrae is followed by what two bones?
Sacrum and coccyx
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
What numbers are the cervical region?
1-7; so there are 7
what does treatment involve?
reduction or realignment of the bone immobilization rehab if necessary
what is the hope of treatment?
the bone will REMODEL naturally through calcium absorption from the blood stream
what is a open/compound fracture?
the broken bone projects through the skin; this increases the risk of bone infection
what are the floating ribs?
the last two pairs that don't attach to the sternum at all
how does muscle stimulation help?
the muscles are stimulated to contract and pull the vertebrae into a more normal position
What are 5 separate vertebrae until the age of 25? What do they do at this age?
the sacrum they fuse to form one wedge shaped bone
what is a complete simple fracture?
they involve a break across the entire section of the bone
where do your true ribs attach?
to the sternum via costal cartilage
how is scoliosis treated?
treated with the use of a brace that is worn around the chest or through stimulation of the muscles along the vertebral column
which are your false ribs?
upper 3 pairs that attach to the sternum by means of the costal cartilage of the 7th rib
Which ribs are your true ribs?
upper 7 pairs
what are the 7 types of fractures?
1.open/compound 2. closed/simple 3. complete simple 4. incomplete simple 5. linear fractures 6. transverse fractures 7. oblique fractures
What does the thoracic cage include?
12 pairs of ribs and the sternum
What numbers are the lumbar vertebrae?
20-24; so there are 5
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
24
What numbers are the thoracic region?
8-19; so there are 12
What is the first cervical vertebrae called? What does it do?
Atlas; it supports the head
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
What is the second cervical vertebrae? What does it do?
Axis; it is responsible for head movement
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Bones of the skull, the hyoid bone in the neck, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
What's the difference between the thoracic and cervical vertebrae?
The thoracic are stronger and longer than the cervical vertebrae
