Chapter 7 Skellytonz

endochondral ossification

endo, inside + chondros, cartliage begins with the formation of a hyaline cartilage model

The process of forming bone from cartilage is called ___.

endochondral ossification

The fibrous inner lining of the hollow tube in a long bone is called the

endosteum

This membrane lines the medullary cavity.

endosteum

If an ____ remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis, bone growth can continue.

epiphyseal plate

The skeleton can still grow as long as there is cartilage left in the

epiphyseal plate

This is the location in the long bone where hematopoiesis occurs.

epiphyses

The end of a long bone is called the

epiphysis

This term refers to the ends of a long bone

epiphysis

The structural units of compact bone are called ____.

haversian system

Gomphosis

meaning 'bolt' or 'nail' A fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket

bone resorbing cells

osteoclast

Bone resorbing cells are called ___.

osteoclasts

The structural unit of compact bone is called

osteon

bone condition occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women with calcium deficiencies.

osteoporosis

Myocardial

pertaining to heart muscle

Muscular dystrophy

poor development of muscle

The skeletal system function of hematopoiesis refers to the

process of blood cell formation

What is circumduction?

process of moving the distal end of the body part in a circular path

Ensuring that young children had a sufficient amount of vitamin D would prevent

rickets

Pivot

rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament; primary movement is rotation; joint is mono axial

Four types of Bones

1. Long Example- humerous or arm bones 2. Short Example- carpals or wrist bones 3. Flat Example- frontal or skull bone 4. Regular Example- vertebrae or spinal bone

Six subtypes of synovial joints

1. Planar joints 2. Hinge joints 3. Pivot joints 4. Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint 5. Saddle joint 6. Ball-and-socket joint

What bones are in the Axial skeleton?

1. Skull 2. Cranium 3. Ear bones 4. Face 5. Spine- Vertebrae 6. Thorax- Ribs Sternum 7. Hyoid bone

What are the three types of Fibrous Joints?

1. Suture joints 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses

What are two types of cartilaginous joints

1. Symphyses 2. Synchondroses.

2 types of cartilaginous joints

1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses

Two layers of articular capsule

1. an outer fibrous capsule 2. an inner synovial membrane

Arrangment of the fibrous tissue of a syndesmosis

1. as a bundle (ligament) or 2. as a sheet (interosseous membrane)

3 types of joints (structurally)

1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

2 types of rotation movements

1. medial (or internal) 2. lateral (or external)

3 types of fibrous joints

1. sutures 2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses

3 types of joints (functionally)

1. synarthrosis 2. amphiarthrosis 3. diarthrosis

2 criteria of structural classification of joints

1. the presence/absence of a space (synovial cavity) between the articulating bones 2. the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together

Floating ribs Why are they called floating?

2 Floating ribs The 11th and 12th pairs are called "floating ribs," because they are anchored in place only by connective tissue.

number of bones in the adult vertebral column

26

Pronation

A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal tadioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly.

Retraction

A movement of the protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position

Bursa

A sac of fluid near a joint

Briefly describe a joint capsule.

A sheet of fibrous connective tissue enclosing a synovial joint.

Gliding

A simple movement in which relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another. No significant alteration of the angle between bones.

Articular capsule

A sleeve-like capsule that surrounds the synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones. Composed of two layers

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly immovable joint

Synovial cavity

A space between two articulating bones

Functionally, what type of a joint is a symphysis?

A symph is an amphiarthrosis b/c it allows slight movement

Osteomalacia

A vitamin D deficiency leading to the softening of bone

Why does synovial fluid have to supply oxygen/nutrients and remove CO2 and wastes from articular cartilage?

Because cartilage is avascular - has no blood vessels to do the job.

Plantar flexion

Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface ex: when standing on toes

Dorsiflexion

Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum (towards face). The opposite of plantar flexion ex: when standing on heels

Bursae - location

Between skin and bones, between tendons and bones, muscles and bones, ligaments and bones.

Articular cartilage and what is this & it's use

Cartilage covering the end joint ends of bones

Epiphyseal plate

Cartilage plate that's between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur; sometimes refered to as a Growth Plate

Cartilaginous joints

Cartilaginous joints are a slightly moveable type of joint found in the body.

step 5

Centers of the epiphyses now begin to calcify. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to these area, creating Secondary Ossification Centers.

Zygomatic bone

Cheek bones

Osteoarthritis

Chronic inflammation of bones and joints due to degenerative changes in cartliage

Talipes

Club foot

Synovial membrane

Connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and loints that secretes synovial fluid

Fibrous capsule of articular capsule

Consists of dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers) that attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones.

Angular - Hyperextension

Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

abnormal side-to-side curve in the vertebral column is called

scoliosis

Tenorrhaphy

suture of the tendon

When bone growth ceases, synchondroses become what? Why?

Synostoses, bony joints b/c bone replaces the hyaline cartilage

Movement in a joint results in what?

Synovial fluid becoming less viscous

Immobility in a joint results in what?

Synovial fluid becoming more viscous (gel-like)

Synovial joints

Synovial joints are considered movable joints, or diarthroses.

sutures are an example of this type of joint.

synarthroses

The three types of joints named based on the amount of movement they allow are ___, ____, and ____.

synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses

Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. How many of each are there?

True Ribs 14 - Upper 7 pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage False Ribs 10 - Lower 5 pairs first 3 pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage of 7 ribs; lowest 2 pairs do not attach to sternum therefore called floating ribs

The needlelike threads of spongy bone are called ____.

trabeculae

needle-like threads of spongy bone are called

trabeculae

Tendon sheaths

Tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction. - reduce friction at joints i.e wrist and ankle, where many tendons come together in a confined space.

Articular discs (menisci)

Two fibrocartilage discs between the tibial and femoral condyles - help compensate for the irregular shapes of the bones - circulate synovial fluid.

What bones are in the Appendicular skeleton?

Upper Extremities -Shoulder (pectorial) girdle -Arm -Wrist -Hands Lower Extremities -Hip (pelvic) girdle -Legs -Ankles -Feet

Maxilla

Upper jawbone; also help form roof of mouth, floor, and side walls of nose and floor of orbit; large cavity in maxillary bone is maxillary sinus

Bursae - structure

Walls made up of connective tissue lined by a synovial membrane. - filled with a small amount of fluid that is similar to synovial fluid.

Atrophy

Wasting away of muscle

Pronation

turning the palm backwards

Atrophy

wasting away of muscle, no development

Some sutures in childhood are replaced by bone in the adult. Why?

b/c the joint is between two separate bones that then completely fuse into one bone.

joints permit the widest range of movement.

ball and socket

Ball & socket

ball like surface of one bone fits into cup like depression of another bone; movement is in three planes triaxial movement, flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and rotation

Flexion

bending a limb

Osteoposis

bone disease in which there is an excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fiber from bone.

Cranium

bone vault made up of eight bones that encase the brain

allow nutrients to reach the osteocytes through the haversian system.

canaliculi

Sutures

Immovable joint

Fibrous Joints

Immovable joints

Three types of arches in the foot.

1. Flat 2. Normal 3. High

Types of movement at synovial joints

1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation 4. Special

What causes fallen arches or flatfeet?

"Flat Feet" or "fallen arches" occur when the arch or instep of the foot collapses and comes in contact with the ground

The 2 intracapsular ligaments

(ACL) - Anterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - Posterior cruciate ligament - ligaments within the capsule that connect the tibia and femur. - named based on their origins relative to the intercondylar area of the tibia

Which cartilaginous joints are amphiarthroses?

Symphyses

Synovial fluid is made up of

- Hyaluronic acid, which is secreted by fibroblast cells in the synovial membrane - interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma. - phagocytic cells that remove microbes and the debris that results from normal wear and tear in joint

The two articular discs

- Medial meniscus - Lateral meniscus

Lateral meniscus

- Nearly circular piece of fibrocartilage (approaches an incomplete O in shape) - Its anterior end is attached anteriorly to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, and laterally and posteriorly to the ACL. - Its posterior end is attached posteriorly to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, and anteriorly to the posterior end of the medial meniscus.

Medial meniscus

- Semicircular piece of fibrocartilage (C-shaped) - Its anterior end is attached to the anterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia, anterior to the ACL. - Its posterior end is attached to the posterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia between the attachments of the PCL and lateral meniscus

Osteoarthritis ( OA )

- a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost. - results from a combination of aging, obesity, irritation of the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and abrasion - Commonly known as "wear-and-tear" arthritis - the most common type of arthritis.

Arthritis

- a form of rheumatism in which the joints are swollen, stiff, and painful. - afflicts about 45 million people in the United States, and is the leading cause of physical disability among adults over age 65.

Three joints of the knee joint

- all three are within a single synovial cavity 1. Laterally: a tibiofemoral joint - a modified hinge joint 2. Medially: a second tibiofemoral joint - also a modified hinge joint. 3. An intermediate patellofemoral joint - a planar joint.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

- an autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues, in this case, its own cartilage and joint linings. - characterized by inflammation of the joint, which causes swelling, pain, and loss of function. Usually, this form of arthritis occurs bilaterally: If one wrist is affected, the other is also likely to be affected, although often not to the same degree.

Rheumatism

- any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body—bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles— that is not caused by infection or injury.

How are lateral and medial menisci attached to each other?

- by the transverse ligament and to the margins of the head of the tibia by the coronary ligaments

Types of angular movements at synovial joints

- flexion - extension - lateral flexion - hyperextension - abduction - adduction - circumduction

Synovial joints

- has synovial cavity - bones held together by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments

Cartilaginous joints

- no synovial cavity - bones held together by cartilage

Fibrous joints

- no synovial cavity - bones held together by fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers - permit very little movement

2 major distinctions between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

- osteoarthritis first afflicts the larger joints (knees, hips) and is due to wear and tear, whereas rheumatoid arthritis first strikes smaller joints and is an active attack of the cartilage.

Gouty Arthritis

- sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints. - most often affects the joints of the feet, especially at the base of the big toe - The crystals irritate and erode the cartilage, causing inflammation, swelling, and acute pain - Eventually, the crystals destroy all joint tissues. If the disorder is untreated, the ends of the articulating bones fuse, and the joint becomes immovable

Cervical curvature

...

Coccyx

...

Epicondyle

...

Lumbar curvature

...

Metatarsals

...

Nasal bone

...

Occipital bone

...

Pelvic curvature

...

Pelvic girdle or _____

...

Thoracic curvature

...

What does palpable mean?

...

Types of diarthroses

1. Ball & socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Saddle 5. Gliding 6. Condyloid

Two common sites of fractures on a femur are _____ and _____.

1. Femoral neck 2. Intertrochanteric crest

Three kinds of joints and where are they in the body?

1. Fibrous Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial Joints

The vertebral column is divided into five sections based on location, name the sections and give the number of vertebrae in each section.

4 - Spinal curves 7 - Cervical vertebrae 12 - Thoracic vertebrae 5 - Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx

number of true ribs

7

How many bones are in the cranium?

8

Functionally, a gomphosis is what type of joint? Why?

A G is a synarthrosis, b/c it is immovable

Functionally, a suture is what type of joint? Why?

A S is a synarthrosis, b/c it is immovable

Functionally, what type of a joint is a synchondrosis?

A SYNCH is a synarthrosis, because it is immovable

Rotation

A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. i.e. turning head side to side to motion 'no'

Synchondrosis

A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage. ex: epiphyseal plate of a browing bone.

Symphysis

A cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but between this is a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage that connects the bones.

Frontal bone

A cranial bone consisting of a vertical portion corresponding to the forehead and a horizontal portion that forms the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities.

Occipital bone

A curved, trapezoid compound bone that forms the lower posterior part of the skull; the occipital.

Angular - Flexion

A decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Suture

A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue - ONLY occur between bones of the skull

Syndesmosis

A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating bones and more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture.

Diarthrosis

A freely moveable joint - various shapes and allow different types of movements

Scoliosis

A lateral curvature of the spinal column

Articular cartilage

A layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones at a synovial joint.

Protraction

A movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.

Supination

A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly. Opposite of pronation.

Which cartilaginous joints are synarthroses?

Synchondroses

Functionally, what type of a joint are ALL synovial joints?

All Syn joints are diarthroses, b/c they permit free movement

Monaxial (uniaxial)

Allow motion around a single axis.

Multiaxial (polyaxial)

Allows motions around three axes plus all directions in between

Biaxial

Allows motions around two axes.

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint

Angular - Extension

An increase in the angle between articulating bones, often to restore the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed.

Laminectomy

An operation that is performed to relief the symptoms of a slipped disk

Elevation

An upward movement of a part of the body (closing mouth, shrugging shoulders)

Metatarsals

Any of the bones of the feet in human

Metacarpals

Any of the hand bones.

Frontanels

Are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal.

step 1

As cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near center of shaft (diaphysis) increase in size and surrounding matrix begins to calcify. Deprived of nutrients chondrocytes begin to die.

What is the importance of the epiphyseal plate?

As long as it remains between the epiphyses and the diaphysis growth will continue.

Ligaments

Bonds or band connecting two objects; band of white fibrous tissue connecting bones

Osteocytes

Bone cell

Explain how the canaliculi allow bone to heal more effeciently than cartilage.

Bone is far more vascular than cartilage, which means the bone receives nutrients/oxygen/other good stuff more and easier than cartilage. Cartilage has almost no blood supply, which makes healing difficult.

Both men and women have 24 ribs, twelve on each side.

Both men and women have 24 ribs, twelve on each side. Each rib is attached to a spinal bone (thoracic vertebra) in the back. The front ends of the eighth, ninth, and 10th pairs are connected to the ribs above them. The 11th and 12th pairs are called "floating ribs," because they are anchored in place only by connective tissue.

Tibial collateral ligament

Broad, flat ligament on the medial surface of the joint. - extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia. - tendons cross the ligament - these strengthen the medial aspect of the joint - firmly attached to the medial meniscus, thus tearing of the ligament often results in tearing of the meniscus.

Structure and function of articular cartilage

Covers the articulating surface of the bones with a smooth, slippery surface, but does not bind them together. -Functions to reduce friction between bones in the joint during movement. - also helps to absorb shock.

Connective tissue of gomphoses

Dense and fibrous called 'periodontal ligament'

Saddle joints

Description: Articular surface is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle the way a rider would. A modified condyloid joint in which the movement is somewhat freer. Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrosis; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Example: Carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and thumb

Planar joint

Description: Articulated surfaces are flat or slightly curved. Functional classification: Nonaxial diarthrosis; gliding motion Example: intertarsal, intercarpal

Hinge joint

Description: Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. In most of these joints, one bone remains in a fixed position while the other moves around an axis. Functional classification: Monaxial diarthrosis; flexion and extension. Permit only flexion and extension. Example: elbow, ankle and interphalangeal joints.

Condyloid/ellipsoidal joint

Description: Oval-shaped projection fits into an oval-shaped depression. Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrosis; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Example: Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints

Ball-and-socket joint

Description: The ball-like surface of one bone fitting into the cup-like depression of another bone Functional classification: Multiaxial diarthrosis; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation. Example: shoulder and hip joints

Pivot joint

Description: The rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament. Functional classification: Monaxial diarthrosis; rotation Example: Atlanto-axial and radioulnar joints

Difference between flexion and extension?

Flexion -act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint Extension

Gomphoses

Immovable joints found between the teeth and jaws. They are held together by a periodontal ligament that acts as a shock absorber.

Which fibrous joints are amphiarthroses?

Syndesmoses

Examples of a symphysis

Ex: Pubic symphysis, junction of manubrium and body of sternum, intervertebral joints between bodies of vertebrae.

What is the structure of the cartilage.

Fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristle like gel

False ribs...where are they & how many pairs?

Five Of these: the first three have their cartilages attached to the cartilage of the rib above. The last two are free at their anterior extremities and are termed floating ribs.

Function of synovial fluid

Forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule. - reduces friction by lubricating the joint - absorbs shocks - supplies oxygen and nutrients/removes carbon dioxides and metabolic wastes to/from chondrocytes within articular cartilage.

Describe and give an example of two types of diarthrotic joints.

Free movable joints Example: Shoulder & hip

Function of the irregular, interlocking edges of sutures

Give them added strength - decrease their chance of fracturing

Tensile strength (resistance to stretching) of fibrous capsule

Helps prevent the bones from dislocating

Angular movements

Here, there is an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

All symphyses occur where?

In the midline of the body

Gouty arthritis

Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid

Synovial membrane of articular capsule

Inner layer of articular capsule, composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

Joints that allow gliding movements

Intertarsal and intercarpal joints

Functionally a syndesmosis is what type of joint? Why?

It is an amphiarthrosis, because it permits slight movement

Mandible

Jaw bone

Pubis

Joint in the midline between the two pubic bones

Describe and give an example of an amphiarthrotic joint.

Joint which cartilage connects the articulating bones. Make it possible to flex the trunk forward, sideways or rotating. Example: Joint between the two pubic bones

Describe and give an example of a synarthrotic joint.

Joint which fibrous connective tissue grows between the articulating (joining) bones holding them together. Example: Joints between the cranial bones called Sutures.

Condyle

Knuckle-like process at the end of the bone

Distinguishing characteristic of synovial joints

They all have a synovial cavity.

Mandible

Lower jawbone articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process; small anterior hole for passage of nerves and vessels is mental foramen

Heel bone is also called the ___?

Malable

Leiomyosarcoma

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

Facial bones

Mandible Maxilla Vomer Zygomatic arch

Angular - Abduction and adduction of the digits

Midline is not the point of reference. Instead, midline of hand/foot is used.

Angular - Circumduction

Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle. - not an isolated movement by itself, but rather a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. Thus, does not occur along a separate axis or plane of movement.

Seven Cervical vertebrae form the supporting framework for the

Neck

How many bones are in the body?

Newborn - 270 Adult - 206 What is fascinating is that more than half of your 206 bones are found in your hands and feet.

Cranium

Occipital Sphenoid Frontal Temporal Ethmoid

Special movements

Occur only at certain joints. - elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, opposition.

Angular - Lateral flexion

Occurs along the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints (think half moon in yoga)

Suture joints

Suture joints are found only in the skull and are unique in that, while classified as immovable, they allow for skull growth.

Rib

One of a series of long curved bones occurring in 12 pairs in humans and extending from the spine to or toward the sternum.

Radius

One of the two bones in the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm

Ischium

One of three seperate bones that forms the os coxa====

Ilium

One of three seperate bones that forms the os coxa=====

Ulna

One of two forearm bones; located on the little finger side

Foramen

Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

Angular - Flexion/Extension

Opposite movements. Both usually occur along sagittal plane.

Depression

Opposite to elevation. Downward movement of a part of the body (opening mouth)

Acromin

Outward extension of the shoulder bone

Condyloid

Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion but not rotation. This occurs between the metacarpals (bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges (fingers) and between the metatarsals (foot bones excluding heel) and phalanges (toes). Flexion/Extension/Adduction/Abduction/ Circumduction

Ligament

Parallel fibre bundles of dense regular connective tissue, highly adapted for resisting strains.

The flexibility of the fibrous capsule

Permits considerable movement at a joint

Humeral

Pertaining to the upper arm bone

Carpals

Pertaining to the wrist

Osteodystrophy

Poor formation of bone

Which fibrous joints are synarthroses?

Sutures and gomphoses

What is the function of the Hematopoiesis?

Process of blood cell formation carried on in red bone marrow

Mastoid process

Projection of the temporal bone

When a patient recieves a bone marrow transplant, what vital process is being restored?

Rebuild the recipient's blood cells and immune system

In limbs, rotation is defined how?

Relative to the midline Thus, medial/lateral are used as specific terms

Humerus

Second longest bone in the body; long bone of the arm

Synovial fluid - description

Secreted by synovial membrane - viscous clear/pale yellow fluid similar to uncooked egg white

How many true ribs do we have ____

Seven The first seven pairs of ribs join the breastbone (sternum) in the center of the chest.

Tarsals

Seven bones of the heel and back part of the foot; the calcaneus is the largest

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone

Tibia

Shinbone

Scapula also called ____ ____

Shoulder blade

Scapula

Shoulder bone

Sinuses

Space or cavity inside some of the crainial bones

Comminuted fracture

Splinter or crushed bone

Cancellous

Spongy, porous bone tissue

A benefit of warming up before exercise

Stimulates the production and secretion of synovial fluid; more fluid means less stress on joints during exercise.

Fibular collateral ligament

Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint - extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula. - strengthens the lateral aspect of the joint.

What is the structure of the osteon.

Structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called Haversian system

How are joints classified?

Structurally - based on their anatomical characteristics Functionally - based on the type of movement they permit

List and briefly explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

Support Protection Movement Storage Hematopoesis

Medial rotation

The anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline

Lateral rotation

The anterior surface of the bone is turned away from the midline.

Only examples of gomphoses

The articulations of the roots of the teeth with the sockets of the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible.

Phalanges

The bone that makes up the fingers and toes

Ankylosis

The condition of stiffening and immobility of a joint

All diarthroses are what type of joints?

They are all synovial joints

The criteria of functional classification of joints

The degree of movement they permit

What effect does the task of childbearing have on the differences between the male and female skeleton?

The differences are mainly in the hip area: because of the requirement of the passage of the newborn, the bones of the pelvis must be formed into a larger opening.

step 4 & what is the function of the osteoclasts.

The entire diaphysis is filled with spongy bone but as it enlarges, osteoclasts erode the central portion to create Medullary Cavity. Growth involves increase in length and diameter.

step 6

The epiphyses eventually become filled with spongy bone. A thin cap of cartilage remains exposed to join cavity as Articular Cartilage. At metaphysis, the epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.

Bursae - function

The fluid-filled bursal sacs cushion the movement of these body parts against one another.

Osteomyelitis

The inflammation of the bone and the bone marrow

Nonaxial joints

The motion they allow does not occur around an axis or along a plane.

Angular - Abduction

The movement of a bone away from the midline. Usually occurs along frontal plane

Angular - Adduction

The movement of a bone toward the midline. Returns the body to the anatomical position after abduction Usually occurs along frontal plane

Opposition

The movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand. The is the distinctive movement that gives humans and other primates the ability to grasp and manipulate objects very precisely.

Ossiffication

The natural process of bone formation.

Fibula

The slender-non-weight-bearing bone located on the lateral aspect of the leg

Spondylolisthesis

The slipping or subluxation of a vertebrae

Fibula

The smaller of the two lower leg bones

Synovial fluid

Thick fluid, colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Arthroplasty

The surgical repair of a joint

Femur

The thigh bone; which is the longest bone in a body

Synovial joints are divided into six categories based on what?

The type of movement they allow, which is based on the shapes of the articulating bone surfaces.

How many bones are in the ear?

There are three bones in each human ear. The small ear bones are arranged in series, and are known as ossicles. The three bones are: Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.

Anterior cruciate ligament

aka ACL - Extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur. - limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur - it's this ligament that is stretched or torn in 70% of knee injuries

Articulation

aka Joint aka Arthrosis - a point of contact between two bones ...or between bone and cartilage ...or between bone and teeth

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

aka PCL - Extends anteriorly and medially from a depression on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and lateral meniscus to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur. - prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia (and anterior sliding of the femur) when the knee is flexed. This is very important when walking down stairs or a steep incline.

Eversion

aka pronation A movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joints so that the soles face away from each other.

Inversion

aka supination A movement of the soles medially at the intertarsal joints so that the soles face each other.

Knee joint

aka tibiofemoral joint - the largest and most complex joint of the body

type of joint uses cartilage to connect bones

amphiarthroses

The two major divisionsof the human skeleton are the ____ skeleton and the ____ skeleton.

appendicular

The thin layer of cartilage on the end of bones where they form joints is called the ____.

articular cartilage

Saddle

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting in the saddle; movement similar to that of an ellipsoidal joint biaxial

Gliding

articulating surfaces usually flat; permits gliding movement in two planes, side to side and back and forth. slight non-axial or multi-axial

Joints

articulation

step 3 & what is the function of the osteoblast.

capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage, into spaces left by chondrocytes. the calcified matrix breaks down and osteoblasts replace with spongy bone. This becomes Primary Ossification Center in the shaft (diaphysis).

cartilage cells

chondrocytes

Rotation

circular movement

Clavicle

collarbone, connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton

Clavicle also called ___ ___

collarbone, connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton

Origin

connection of muscle to stationary bone

Hinge

convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another; movement in single plane (mono-axial movement), usually flexion and extension

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

refers to the shaft of the long bone

diaphysis

Rheumatologist

doctor specializing in joint disorder

Differences in the pelvic girdle of the male and female?

females the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet are wider than in males, the pubic angle is greater in females, and the ischial spines are shorter and more everted than those of males.

Cartilage

fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristle like gel

Fascia

fibrous membrane seperating muscles

Synovial fluid

fluid found within the joint

Syndesmoses

found at the intersection of the tibia (shin bone) and fibula (calf bone). A tight ligament holds the two bones together to limit movement.

A synovial membrane would most likely be found in

hynge joint

Angular - Hyperextension of hinge joints

i.e. elbow, interphalangeal and knee joints, is usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones.

Arthrotomy

incision of a joint

Tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

Sternum or Breastbone

is a long flat bony plate shaped like a capital "T" located anteriorly to the heart in the center of the thorax (chest).

Scapula or shoulder blade

is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).

Osteocytes and chondrocytes live in small spaces in the matrix called ____.

lacunae

rings of calcified matrix that make up the haversian system are called

lamella

Trochanter

large process on femur for attachment of muscle

The ___ are cords or bands made of strong connective tissue that holds two bones together.

ligaments

Diarthrotic joints

make up the vast majority of joints in the body and are surrounded by a joint capsule.

Chondrosarcoma

malignant tumor of cartilage

Leiomyosarcoma

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

The hallow area in the shaft of long bones where marrow is located is called the ____.

medullary cavity

Abduction

movement away from the midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

What is abduction?

moving away from the midline of the body

What is adduction?

moving toward the midline of the body

Visceral

muscle connected to internal organs

Strength of ligaments

one of the principle mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint.

Which of the following is not a form of inflammatory arthritis?

osteoarthritis

Bone-building cells are called

osteoblast

Bone forming cells are called _____.

osteoblasts

People with this condition go through episodes of "frenzied" bone resorption and bone growth.

pagets disease

Fibromyalgia

pain of fibrous tissue and muscle

Polymyalgia

pain of many muscles

step 2

perichondrium surrounding the cartilage differentiate into osteoblasts. Perichondrium converts to periosteum and the osteogenic layer produces a bony collar around shaft of cartilage.

Strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except for the joint is called the

periosteum

This is the strong fibrous membrane covering most of the long bone.

periosteum

Bursae - general

sing. Bursa - saclike structures in some joints that are strategically situated to alleviate friction.

Patella

small, shallow pan; the kneecap

Chondromalacia

softening of cartilage

Extension

straightening out a limb

Periosteumn

strong fibrous membrane covering a long bones everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage.

How many bones are in the face?

these 14 bones shape you face which forms our structure. these 14 bones are called: Sepio; which is the largest, fliopitter, laddser, liphit, fadogit ;the smallest bone,diopem,magone,puket,ninniom, tenir, yougop, werrit, pokolop and fubat. the most important one is the tenir because it protects the soft tissues around our eyes.

bone of the skull that doesnt contain sinuses

zygomatic