Chapter 7 Skellytonz
endochondral ossification
endo, inside + chondros, cartliage begins with the formation of a hyaline cartilage model
The process of forming bone from cartilage is called ___.
endochondral ossification
The fibrous inner lining of the hollow tube in a long bone is called the
endosteum
This membrane lines the medullary cavity.
endosteum
If an ____ remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis, bone growth can continue.
epiphyseal plate
The skeleton can still grow as long as there is cartilage left in the
epiphyseal plate
This is the location in the long bone where hematopoiesis occurs.
epiphyses
The end of a long bone is called the
epiphysis
This term refers to the ends of a long bone
epiphysis
The structural units of compact bone are called ____.
haversian system
Gomphosis
meaning 'bolt' or 'nail' A fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket
bone resorbing cells
osteoclast
Bone resorbing cells are called ___.
osteoclasts
The structural unit of compact bone is called
osteon
bone condition occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women with calcium deficiencies.
osteoporosis
Myocardial
pertaining to heart muscle
Muscular dystrophy
poor development of muscle
The skeletal system function of hematopoiesis refers to the
process of blood cell formation
What is circumduction?
process of moving the distal end of the body part in a circular path
Ensuring that young children had a sufficient amount of vitamin D would prevent
rickets
Pivot
rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament; primary movement is rotation; joint is mono axial
Four types of Bones
1. Long Example- humerous or arm bones 2. Short Example- carpals or wrist bones 3. Flat Example- frontal or skull bone 4. Regular Example- vertebrae or spinal bone
Six subtypes of synovial joints
1. Planar joints 2. Hinge joints 3. Pivot joints 4. Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint 5. Saddle joint 6. Ball-and-socket joint
What bones are in the Axial skeleton?
1. Skull 2. Cranium 3. Ear bones 4. Face 5. Spine- Vertebrae 6. Thorax- Ribs Sternum 7. Hyoid bone
What are the three types of Fibrous Joints?
1. Suture joints 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses
What are two types of cartilaginous joints
1. Symphyses 2. Synchondroses.
2 types of cartilaginous joints
1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses
Two layers of articular capsule
1. an outer fibrous capsule 2. an inner synovial membrane
Arrangment of the fibrous tissue of a syndesmosis
1. as a bundle (ligament) or 2. as a sheet (interosseous membrane)
3 types of joints (structurally)
1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial
2 types of rotation movements
1. medial (or internal) 2. lateral (or external)
3 types of fibrous joints
1. sutures 2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses
3 types of joints (functionally)
1. synarthrosis 2. amphiarthrosis 3. diarthrosis
2 criteria of structural classification of joints
1. the presence/absence of a space (synovial cavity) between the articulating bones 2. the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
Floating ribs Why are they called floating?
2 Floating ribs The 11th and 12th pairs are called "floating ribs," because they are anchored in place only by connective tissue.
number of bones in the adult vertebral column
26
Pronation
A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal tadioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly.
Retraction
A movement of the protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position
Bursa
A sac of fluid near a joint
Briefly describe a joint capsule.
A sheet of fibrous connective tissue enclosing a synovial joint.
Gliding
A simple movement in which relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another. No significant alteration of the angle between bones.
Articular capsule
A sleeve-like capsule that surrounds the synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones. Composed of two layers
Amphiarthrosis
A slightly immovable joint
Synovial cavity
A space between two articulating bones
Functionally, what type of a joint is a symphysis?
A symph is an amphiarthrosis b/c it allows slight movement
Osteomalacia
A vitamin D deficiency leading to the softening of bone
Why does synovial fluid have to supply oxygen/nutrients and remove CO2 and wastes from articular cartilage?
Because cartilage is avascular - has no blood vessels to do the job.
Plantar flexion
Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface ex: when standing on toes
Dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum (towards face). The opposite of plantar flexion ex: when standing on heels
Bursae - location
Between skin and bones, between tendons and bones, muscles and bones, ligaments and bones.
Articular cartilage and what is this & it's use
Cartilage covering the end joint ends of bones
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilage plate that's between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur; sometimes refered to as a Growth Plate
Cartilaginous joints
Cartilaginous joints are a slightly moveable type of joint found in the body.
step 5
Centers of the epiphyses now begin to calcify. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to these area, creating Secondary Ossification Centers.
Zygomatic bone
Cheek bones
Osteoarthritis
Chronic inflammation of bones and joints due to degenerative changes in cartliage
Talipes
Club foot
Synovial membrane
Connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and loints that secretes synovial fluid
Fibrous capsule of articular capsule
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers) that attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones.
Angular - Hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
abnormal side-to-side curve in the vertebral column is called
scoliosis
Tenorrhaphy
suture of the tendon
When bone growth ceases, synchondroses become what? Why?
Synostoses, bony joints b/c bone replaces the hyaline cartilage
Movement in a joint results in what?
Synovial fluid becoming less viscous
Immobility in a joint results in what?
Synovial fluid becoming more viscous (gel-like)
Synovial joints
Synovial joints are considered movable joints, or diarthroses.
sutures are an example of this type of joint.
synarthroses
The three types of joints named based on the amount of movement they allow are ___, ____, and ____.
synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses
Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. How many of each are there?
True Ribs 14 - Upper 7 pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage False Ribs 10 - Lower 5 pairs first 3 pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage of 7 ribs; lowest 2 pairs do not attach to sternum therefore called floating ribs
The needlelike threads of spongy bone are called ____.
trabeculae
needle-like threads of spongy bone are called
trabeculae
Tendon sheaths
Tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction. - reduce friction at joints i.e wrist and ankle, where many tendons come together in a confined space.
Articular discs (menisci)
Two fibrocartilage discs between the tibial and femoral condyles - help compensate for the irregular shapes of the bones - circulate synovial fluid.
What bones are in the Appendicular skeleton?
Upper Extremities -Shoulder (pectorial) girdle -Arm -Wrist -Hands Lower Extremities -Hip (pelvic) girdle -Legs -Ankles -Feet
Maxilla
Upper jawbone; also help form roof of mouth, floor, and side walls of nose and floor of orbit; large cavity in maxillary bone is maxillary sinus
Bursae - structure
Walls made up of connective tissue lined by a synovial membrane. - filled with a small amount of fluid that is similar to synovial fluid.
Atrophy
Wasting away of muscle
Pronation
turning the palm backwards
Atrophy
wasting away of muscle, no development
Some sutures in childhood are replaced by bone in the adult. Why?
b/c the joint is between two separate bones that then completely fuse into one bone.
joints permit the widest range of movement.
ball and socket
Ball & socket
ball like surface of one bone fits into cup like depression of another bone; movement is in three planes triaxial movement, flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and rotation
Flexion
bending a limb
Osteoposis
bone disease in which there is an excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fiber from bone.
Cranium
bone vault made up of eight bones that encase the brain
allow nutrients to reach the osteocytes through the haversian system.
canaliculi
Sutures
Immovable joint
Fibrous Joints
Immovable joints
Three types of arches in the foot.
1. Flat 2. Normal 3. High
Types of movement at synovial joints
1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation 4. Special
What causes fallen arches or flatfeet?
"Flat Feet" or "fallen arches" occur when the arch or instep of the foot collapses and comes in contact with the ground
The 2 intracapsular ligaments
(ACL) - Anterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - Posterior cruciate ligament - ligaments within the capsule that connect the tibia and femur. - named based on their origins relative to the intercondylar area of the tibia
Which cartilaginous joints are amphiarthroses?
Symphyses
Synovial fluid is made up of
- Hyaluronic acid, which is secreted by fibroblast cells in the synovial membrane - interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma. - phagocytic cells that remove microbes and the debris that results from normal wear and tear in joint
The two articular discs
- Medial meniscus - Lateral meniscus
Lateral meniscus
- Nearly circular piece of fibrocartilage (approaches an incomplete O in shape) - Its anterior end is attached anteriorly to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, and laterally and posteriorly to the ACL. - Its posterior end is attached posteriorly to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, and anteriorly to the posterior end of the medial meniscus.
Medial meniscus
- Semicircular piece of fibrocartilage (C-shaped) - Its anterior end is attached to the anterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia, anterior to the ACL. - Its posterior end is attached to the posterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia between the attachments of the PCL and lateral meniscus
Osteoarthritis ( OA )
- a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost. - results from a combination of aging, obesity, irritation of the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and abrasion - Commonly known as "wear-and-tear" arthritis - the most common type of arthritis.
Arthritis
- a form of rheumatism in which the joints are swollen, stiff, and painful. - afflicts about 45 million people in the United States, and is the leading cause of physical disability among adults over age 65.
Three joints of the knee joint
- all three are within a single synovial cavity 1. Laterally: a tibiofemoral joint - a modified hinge joint 2. Medially: a second tibiofemoral joint - also a modified hinge joint. 3. An intermediate patellofemoral joint - a planar joint.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- an autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues, in this case, its own cartilage and joint linings. - characterized by inflammation of the joint, which causes swelling, pain, and loss of function. Usually, this form of arthritis occurs bilaterally: If one wrist is affected, the other is also likely to be affected, although often not to the same degree.
Rheumatism
- any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body—bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles— that is not caused by infection or injury.
How are lateral and medial menisci attached to each other?
- by the transverse ligament and to the margins of the head of the tibia by the coronary ligaments
Types of angular movements at synovial joints
- flexion - extension - lateral flexion - hyperextension - abduction - adduction - circumduction
Synovial joints
- has synovial cavity - bones held together by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments
Cartilaginous joints
- no synovial cavity - bones held together by cartilage
Fibrous joints
- no synovial cavity - bones held together by fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers - permit very little movement
2 major distinctions between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
- osteoarthritis first afflicts the larger joints (knees, hips) and is due to wear and tear, whereas rheumatoid arthritis first strikes smaller joints and is an active attack of the cartilage.
Gouty Arthritis
- sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints. - most often affects the joints of the feet, especially at the base of the big toe - The crystals irritate and erode the cartilage, causing inflammation, swelling, and acute pain - Eventually, the crystals destroy all joint tissues. If the disorder is untreated, the ends of the articulating bones fuse, and the joint becomes immovable
Cervical curvature
...
Coccyx
...
Epicondyle
...
Lumbar curvature
...
Metatarsals
...
Nasal bone
...
Occipital bone
...
Pelvic curvature
...
Pelvic girdle or _____
...
Thoracic curvature
...
What does palpable mean?
...
Types of diarthroses
1. Ball & socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Saddle 5. Gliding 6. Condyloid
Two common sites of fractures on a femur are _____ and _____.
1. Femoral neck 2. Intertrochanteric crest
Three kinds of joints and where are they in the body?
1. Fibrous Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial Joints
The vertebral column is divided into five sections based on location, name the sections and give the number of vertebrae in each section.
4 - Spinal curves 7 - Cervical vertebrae 12 - Thoracic vertebrae 5 - Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
number of true ribs
7
How many bones are in the cranium?
8
Functionally, a gomphosis is what type of joint? Why?
A G is a synarthrosis, b/c it is immovable
Functionally, a suture is what type of joint? Why?
A S is a synarthrosis, b/c it is immovable
Functionally, what type of a joint is a synchondrosis?
A SYNCH is a synarthrosis, because it is immovable
Rotation
A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. i.e. turning head side to side to motion 'no'
Synchondrosis
A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage. ex: epiphyseal plate of a browing bone.
Symphysis
A cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but between this is a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage that connects the bones.
Frontal bone
A cranial bone consisting of a vertical portion corresponding to the forehead and a horizontal portion that forms the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities.
Occipital bone
A curved, trapezoid compound bone that forms the lower posterior part of the skull; the occipital.
Angular - Flexion
A decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Suture
A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue - ONLY occur between bones of the skull
Syndesmosis
A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating bones and more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture.
Diarthrosis
A freely moveable joint - various shapes and allow different types of movements
Scoliosis
A lateral curvature of the spinal column
Articular cartilage
A layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones at a synovial joint.
Protraction
A movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.
Supination
A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly. Opposite of pronation.
Which cartilaginous joints are synarthroses?
Synchondroses
Functionally, what type of a joint are ALL synovial joints?
All Syn joints are diarthroses, b/c they permit free movement
Monaxial (uniaxial)
Allow motion around a single axis.
Multiaxial (polyaxial)
Allows motions around three axes plus all directions in between
Biaxial
Allows motions around two axes.
Synarthrosis
An immovable joint
Angular - Extension
An increase in the angle between articulating bones, often to restore the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed.
Laminectomy
An operation that is performed to relief the symptoms of a slipped disk
Elevation
An upward movement of a part of the body (closing mouth, shrugging shoulders)
Metatarsals
Any of the bones of the feet in human
Metacarpals
Any of the hand bones.
Frontanels
Are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal.
step 1
As cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near center of shaft (diaphysis) increase in size and surrounding matrix begins to calcify. Deprived of nutrients chondrocytes begin to die.
What is the importance of the epiphyseal plate?
As long as it remains between the epiphyses and the diaphysis growth will continue.
Ligaments
Bonds or band connecting two objects; band of white fibrous tissue connecting bones
Osteocytes
Bone cell
Explain how the canaliculi allow bone to heal more effeciently than cartilage.
Bone is far more vascular than cartilage, which means the bone receives nutrients/oxygen/other good stuff more and easier than cartilage. Cartilage has almost no blood supply, which makes healing difficult.
Both men and women have 24 ribs, twelve on each side.
Both men and women have 24 ribs, twelve on each side. Each rib is attached to a spinal bone (thoracic vertebra) in the back. The front ends of the eighth, ninth, and 10th pairs are connected to the ribs above them. The 11th and 12th pairs are called "floating ribs," because they are anchored in place only by connective tissue.
Tibial collateral ligament
Broad, flat ligament on the medial surface of the joint. - extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia. - tendons cross the ligament - these strengthen the medial aspect of the joint - firmly attached to the medial meniscus, thus tearing of the ligament often results in tearing of the meniscus.
Structure and function of articular cartilage
Covers the articulating surface of the bones with a smooth, slippery surface, but does not bind them together. -Functions to reduce friction between bones in the joint during movement. - also helps to absorb shock.
Connective tissue of gomphoses
Dense and fibrous called 'periodontal ligament'
Saddle joints
Description: Articular surface is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle the way a rider would. A modified condyloid joint in which the movement is somewhat freer. Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrosis; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Example: Carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and thumb
Planar joint
Description: Articulated surfaces are flat or slightly curved. Functional classification: Nonaxial diarthrosis; gliding motion Example: intertarsal, intercarpal
Hinge joint
Description: Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. In most of these joints, one bone remains in a fixed position while the other moves around an axis. Functional classification: Monaxial diarthrosis; flexion and extension. Permit only flexion and extension. Example: elbow, ankle and interphalangeal joints.
Condyloid/ellipsoidal joint
Description: Oval-shaped projection fits into an oval-shaped depression. Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrosis; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Example: Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
Ball-and-socket joint
Description: The ball-like surface of one bone fitting into the cup-like depression of another bone Functional classification: Multiaxial diarthrosis; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation. Example: shoulder and hip joints
Pivot joint
Description: The rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament. Functional classification: Monaxial diarthrosis; rotation Example: Atlanto-axial and radioulnar joints
Difference between flexion and extension?
Flexion -act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint Extension
Gomphoses
Immovable joints found between the teeth and jaws. They are held together by a periodontal ligament that acts as a shock absorber.
Which fibrous joints are amphiarthroses?
Syndesmoses
Examples of a symphysis
Ex: Pubic symphysis, junction of manubrium and body of sternum, intervertebral joints between bodies of vertebrae.
What is the structure of the cartilage.
Fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristle like gel
False ribs...where are they & how many pairs?
Five Of these: the first three have their cartilages attached to the cartilage of the rib above. The last two are free at their anterior extremities and are termed floating ribs.
Function of synovial fluid
Forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule. - reduces friction by lubricating the joint - absorbs shocks - supplies oxygen and nutrients/removes carbon dioxides and metabolic wastes to/from chondrocytes within articular cartilage.
Describe and give an example of two types of diarthrotic joints.
Free movable joints Example: Shoulder & hip
Function of the irregular, interlocking edges of sutures
Give them added strength - decrease their chance of fracturing
Tensile strength (resistance to stretching) of fibrous capsule
Helps prevent the bones from dislocating
Angular movements
Here, there is an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
All symphyses occur where?
In the midline of the body
Gouty arthritis
Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid
Synovial membrane of articular capsule
Inner layer of articular capsule, composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.
Joints that allow gliding movements
Intertarsal and intercarpal joints
Functionally a syndesmosis is what type of joint? Why?
It is an amphiarthrosis, because it permits slight movement
Mandible
Jaw bone
Pubis
Joint in the midline between the two pubic bones
Describe and give an example of an amphiarthrotic joint.
Joint which cartilage connects the articulating bones. Make it possible to flex the trunk forward, sideways or rotating. Example: Joint between the two pubic bones
Describe and give an example of a synarthrotic joint.
Joint which fibrous connective tissue grows between the articulating (joining) bones holding them together. Example: Joints between the cranial bones called Sutures.
Condyle
Knuckle-like process at the end of the bone
Distinguishing characteristic of synovial joints
They all have a synovial cavity.
Mandible
Lower jawbone articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process; small anterior hole for passage of nerves and vessels is mental foramen
Heel bone is also called the ___?
Malable
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
Facial bones
Mandible Maxilla Vomer Zygomatic arch
Angular - Abduction and adduction of the digits
Midline is not the point of reference. Instead, midline of hand/foot is used.
Angular - Circumduction
Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle. - not an isolated movement by itself, but rather a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. Thus, does not occur along a separate axis or plane of movement.
Seven Cervical vertebrae form the supporting framework for the
Neck
How many bones are in the body?
Newborn - 270 Adult - 206 What is fascinating is that more than half of your 206 bones are found in your hands and feet.
Cranium
Occipital Sphenoid Frontal Temporal Ethmoid
Special movements
Occur only at certain joints. - elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, opposition.
Angular - Lateral flexion
Occurs along the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints (think half moon in yoga)
Suture joints
Suture joints are found only in the skull and are unique in that, while classified as immovable, they allow for skull growth.
Rib
One of a series of long curved bones occurring in 12 pairs in humans and extending from the spine to or toward the sternum.
Radius
One of the two bones in the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm
Ischium
One of three seperate bones that forms the os coxa====
Ilium
One of three seperate bones that forms the os coxa=====
Ulna
One of two forearm bones; located on the little finger side
Foramen
Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
Angular - Flexion/Extension
Opposite movements. Both usually occur along sagittal plane.
Depression
Opposite to elevation. Downward movement of a part of the body (opening mouth)
Acromin
Outward extension of the shoulder bone
Condyloid
Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion but not rotation. This occurs between the metacarpals (bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges (fingers) and between the metatarsals (foot bones excluding heel) and phalanges (toes). Flexion/Extension/Adduction/Abduction/ Circumduction
Ligament
Parallel fibre bundles of dense regular connective tissue, highly adapted for resisting strains.
The flexibility of the fibrous capsule
Permits considerable movement at a joint
Humeral
Pertaining to the upper arm bone
Carpals
Pertaining to the wrist
Osteodystrophy
Poor formation of bone
Which fibrous joints are synarthroses?
Sutures and gomphoses
What is the function of the Hematopoiesis?
Process of blood cell formation carried on in red bone marrow
Mastoid process
Projection of the temporal bone
When a patient recieves a bone marrow transplant, what vital process is being restored?
Rebuild the recipient's blood cells and immune system
In limbs, rotation is defined how?
Relative to the midline Thus, medial/lateral are used as specific terms
Humerus
Second longest bone in the body; long bone of the arm
Synovial fluid - description
Secreted by synovial membrane - viscous clear/pale yellow fluid similar to uncooked egg white
How many true ribs do we have ____
Seven The first seven pairs of ribs join the breastbone (sternum) in the center of the chest.
Tarsals
Seven bones of the heel and back part of the foot; the calcaneus is the largest
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Tibia
Shinbone
Scapula also called ____ ____
Shoulder blade
Scapula
Shoulder bone
Sinuses
Space or cavity inside some of the crainial bones
Comminuted fracture
Splinter or crushed bone
Cancellous
Spongy, porous bone tissue
A benefit of warming up before exercise
Stimulates the production and secretion of synovial fluid; more fluid means less stress on joints during exercise.
Fibular collateral ligament
Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint - extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula. - strengthens the lateral aspect of the joint.
What is the structure of the osteon.
Structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called Haversian system
How are joints classified?
Structurally - based on their anatomical characteristics Functionally - based on the type of movement they permit
List and briefly explain the five functions of the skeletal system.
Support Protection Movement Storage Hematopoesis
Medial rotation
The anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline
Lateral rotation
The anterior surface of the bone is turned away from the midline.
Only examples of gomphoses
The articulations of the roots of the teeth with the sockets of the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible.
Phalanges
The bone that makes up the fingers and toes
Ankylosis
The condition of stiffening and immobility of a joint
All diarthroses are what type of joints?
They are all synovial joints
The criteria of functional classification of joints
The degree of movement they permit
What effect does the task of childbearing have on the differences between the male and female skeleton?
The differences are mainly in the hip area: because of the requirement of the passage of the newborn, the bones of the pelvis must be formed into a larger opening.
step 4 & what is the function of the osteoclasts.
The entire diaphysis is filled with spongy bone but as it enlarges, osteoclasts erode the central portion to create Medullary Cavity. Growth involves increase in length and diameter.
step 6
The epiphyses eventually become filled with spongy bone. A thin cap of cartilage remains exposed to join cavity as Articular Cartilage. At metaphysis, the epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.
Bursae - function
The fluid-filled bursal sacs cushion the movement of these body parts against one another.
Osteomyelitis
The inflammation of the bone and the bone marrow
Nonaxial joints
The motion they allow does not occur around an axis or along a plane.
Angular - Abduction
The movement of a bone away from the midline. Usually occurs along frontal plane
Angular - Adduction
The movement of a bone toward the midline. Returns the body to the anatomical position after abduction Usually occurs along frontal plane
Opposition
The movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand. The is the distinctive movement that gives humans and other primates the ability to grasp and manipulate objects very precisely.
Ossiffication
The natural process of bone formation.
Fibula
The slender-non-weight-bearing bone located on the lateral aspect of the leg
Spondylolisthesis
The slipping or subluxation of a vertebrae
Fibula
The smaller of the two lower leg bones
Synovial fluid
Thick fluid, colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Arthroplasty
The surgical repair of a joint
Femur
The thigh bone; which is the longest bone in a body
Synovial joints are divided into six categories based on what?
The type of movement they allow, which is based on the shapes of the articulating bone surfaces.
How many bones are in the ear?
There are three bones in each human ear. The small ear bones are arranged in series, and are known as ossicles. The three bones are: Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.
Anterior cruciate ligament
aka ACL - Extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur. - limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur - it's this ligament that is stretched or torn in 70% of knee injuries
Articulation
aka Joint aka Arthrosis - a point of contact between two bones ...or between bone and cartilage ...or between bone and teeth
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
aka PCL - Extends anteriorly and medially from a depression on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and lateral meniscus to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur. - prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia (and anterior sliding of the femur) when the knee is flexed. This is very important when walking down stairs or a steep incline.
Eversion
aka pronation A movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joints so that the soles face away from each other.
Inversion
aka supination A movement of the soles medially at the intertarsal joints so that the soles face each other.
Knee joint
aka tibiofemoral joint - the largest and most complex joint of the body
type of joint uses cartilage to connect bones
amphiarthroses
The two major divisionsof the human skeleton are the ____ skeleton and the ____ skeleton.
appendicular
The thin layer of cartilage on the end of bones where they form joints is called the ____.
articular cartilage
Saddle
articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting in the saddle; movement similar to that of an ellipsoidal joint biaxial
Gliding
articulating surfaces usually flat; permits gliding movement in two planes, side to side and back and forth. slight non-axial or multi-axial
Joints
articulation
step 3 & what is the function of the osteoblast.
capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage, into spaces left by chondrocytes. the calcified matrix breaks down and osteoblasts replace with spongy bone. This becomes Primary Ossification Center in the shaft (diaphysis).
cartilage cells
chondrocytes
Rotation
circular movement
Clavicle
collarbone, connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton
Clavicle also called ___ ___
collarbone, connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton
Origin
connection of muscle to stationary bone
Hinge
convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another; movement in single plane (mono-axial movement), usually flexion and extension
The shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
refers to the shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
Rheumatologist
doctor specializing in joint disorder
Differences in the pelvic girdle of the male and female?
females the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet are wider than in males, the pubic angle is greater in females, and the ischial spines are shorter and more everted than those of males.
Cartilage
fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristle like gel
Fascia
fibrous membrane seperating muscles
Synovial fluid
fluid found within the joint
Syndesmoses
found at the intersection of the tibia (shin bone) and fibula (calf bone). A tight ligament holds the two bones together to limit movement.
A synovial membrane would most likely be found in
hynge joint
Angular - Hyperextension of hinge joints
i.e. elbow, interphalangeal and knee joints, is usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones.
Arthrotomy
incision of a joint
Tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
Sternum or Breastbone
is a long flat bony plate shaped like a capital "T" located anteriorly to the heart in the center of the thorax (chest).
Scapula or shoulder blade
is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).
Osteocytes and chondrocytes live in small spaces in the matrix called ____.
lacunae
rings of calcified matrix that make up the haversian system are called
lamella
Trochanter
large process on femur for attachment of muscle
The ___ are cords or bands made of strong connective tissue that holds two bones together.
ligaments
Diarthrotic joints
make up the vast majority of joints in the body and are surrounded by a joint capsule.
Chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of cartilage
Leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle
The hallow area in the shaft of long bones where marrow is located is called the ____.
medullary cavity
Abduction
movement away from the midline
Adduction
movement toward the midline
What is abduction?
moving away from the midline of the body
What is adduction?
moving toward the midline of the body
Visceral
muscle connected to internal organs
Strength of ligaments
one of the principle mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint.
Which of the following is not a form of inflammatory arthritis?
osteoarthritis
Bone-building cells are called
osteoblast
Bone forming cells are called _____.
osteoblasts
People with this condition go through episodes of "frenzied" bone resorption and bone growth.
pagets disease
Fibromyalgia
pain of fibrous tissue and muscle
Polymyalgia
pain of many muscles
step 2
perichondrium surrounding the cartilage differentiate into osteoblasts. Perichondrium converts to periosteum and the osteogenic layer produces a bony collar around shaft of cartilage.
Strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except for the joint is called the
periosteum
This is the strong fibrous membrane covering most of the long bone.
periosteum
Bursae - general
sing. Bursa - saclike structures in some joints that are strategically situated to alleviate friction.
Patella
small, shallow pan; the kneecap
Chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
Extension
straightening out a limb
Periosteumn
strong fibrous membrane covering a long bones everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage.
How many bones are in the face?
these 14 bones shape you face which forms our structure. these 14 bones are called: Sepio; which is the largest, fliopitter, laddser, liphit, fadogit ;the smallest bone,diopem,magone,puket,ninniom, tenir, yougop, werrit, pokolop and fubat. the most important one is the tenir because it protects the soft tissues around our eyes.
bone of the skull that doesnt contain sinuses
zygomatic