Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. linguistic b. logical-mathematical c. musical d. spatial

c. musical

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. a. direct experience versus indirect experience b. empirical knowledge versus personal opinion c. one piece of information versus all of the information d. personal opinion versus empirical knowledge

c. one piece of information versus all of the information

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics? a. an appropriate heuristic comes to mind in the same moment b. one is faced with too much information c. the decision to be made is important d. the time to make the decision is limited

c. the decision to be made is important

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. a. determining b. processing c. thinking d. understanding

c. thinking

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? a. 1-30 days old b. 6-8 months old c. 9-11 months old d. 12 months old

d. 12 months old

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. a. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g b. developed Multiple Intelligences Theory c. developed triarchic theory of intelligence d. divided intelligence into two components

d. divided intelligence into two components

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. a. analytic b. common sense c. crystallized d. fluid

d. fluid

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? a. Flynn effect b. norming c. population size d. sample size

d. sample size

. The average score on most IQ tests is a. 15. b. 100. c. 150. d. 500.

b. 100.

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. a. artificial b. event c. mental d. role

b. event

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. a. direct b. indirect c. practical d. theoretical

b. indirect

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? a. concept b. language c. prototype d. schemata

b. language

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? a. grammar b. lexicon c. morpheme d. phoneme

b. lexicon

Binet and Simon considered children behind in their schooling if their a. mental age equals their chronological age. b. mental age is lower than their chronological age. c. mental age is higher than their chronological age. d. mental age does not equal their chronological age.

b. mental age is lower than their chronological age.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ measurement, but also breaks intelligence into which two indices? a. General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency b. Emotional Intelligence and Academic Intelligence c. Visual and Auditory d. Achievement and Aptitude

a. General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? a. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. b. Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life. c. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. d. Algorithms are frequently used by computer programmers.

b. Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life.

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common? a. All of the concepts are examples of functional fixedness. b. All of the concepts are examples of mental set. c. All of the concepts are examples of problem-solving strategies. d. None of the concepts occur in preindustrial societies.

b. All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? a. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf c. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner d. Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg

b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. a. Bob b. I c. thump d. you

b. I

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language? a. It only applied to preindustrial societies. b. It was not empirical. c. It was overly empirical. d. It was sexist.

b. It was not empirical.

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?" a. IQ tests are biased in favor of Caucasians. b. Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans. c. Level II intelligence is prevalent among African Americans, followed by Asians, then Caucasians. d. There is no racial or ethnic component to intelligence.

b. Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization." a. The name "Arthur Jensen" should be changed to the name "Howard Gardener." b. The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched. c. The word "conceptual" should be eliminated. d. The word "rote" should be changed to with the word "routine."

b. The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

Who has the highest IQ? a. Clarissa, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 9. b. Matt, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 10. c. Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7. d. Morgan, with a mental age of 7 and a chronological age of 7.

c. Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7.

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false? a. He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. b. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. c. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. d. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

c. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

Which of the following is a key advantage to using a standardized test? a. The test can be tailored to individual test takers. b. Test takers know what information they will be tested on before taking the test. c. Standardization allows results to be compared across individuals. d. There are no advantages to standardized tests.

c. Standardization allows results to be compared across individuals.

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see." a. 0 to 5 b. 6 to 11 c. 12 to 17 d. 18 to 24

d. 18 to 24

A score on an intelligence test with a percentile rank of .30 indicates that a. The score is two standard deviations above the mean. b. The score is two standard deviations below the mean. c. 30% of the population score below a given score d. 30% of the population score above a given score.

d. 30% of the population score above a given score.

Who was the inventor of statistical technique called factor analysis, a method that compares results of different correlational measures to identify patterns, or "factors," among them? a. Alfred Binet b. Henri Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Charles Spearman

d. Charles Spearman

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Charles Spearman b. Howard Gardner c. Raymond Cattell d. Robert Sternberg

d. Robert Sternberg

What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence? a. global, intuitive, and special b. general, global, and specific c. mathematical, reasoning, and verbal d. analytical, creative, and practical

d. analytical, creative, and practical

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. a. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure b. are not encouraged to reach their potential c. don't care about IQ testing d. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

d. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. a. ability to communicate b. ability to speak c. lexicon d. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

d. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________. a. confirmation bias b. functional fixedness c. hindsight bias d. mental set

d. mental set

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. analytic b. creative c. functional d. practical

d. practical

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. a. idea b. paradigm c. prototype d. schema

d. schema

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? a. mild b. moderate c. profound d. severe

d. severe

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. bodily kinesthetic b. logical-mathematical c. naturalist d. spatial

d. spatial

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. a. actions b. chemicals c. subconscious d. thoughts

d. thoughts

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________. a. did not identify enough African American children in need of special education b. disadvantaged their children by placing them in special education classes c. resulted in less funding d. was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

d. was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

. The formula which uses chronological age (CA) and mental age (MA) to calculate the intelligence quotient is: a. MA / CA X 100. b. CA / MA X 100. c. (MA X CA) / 100. d. 100 / (MA + CA).

a. MA / CA X 100.

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? a. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. b. He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. c. He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. d. He spoke of intra-personal intelligence

a. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

What does the Flynn effect refer to? a. The increase in average IQ test scores over decades b. The decrease in average IQ test scores over decades c. The higher IQ test average scores for Asian Americans compared to European Americans d. The lower IQ test average scores for African Americans compared to European Americans

a. The increase in average IQ test scores over decades

. A test is said to be reliable if a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it. b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure. c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict. d. it is culture-free.

a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it.

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. a. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast b. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem c. provide correct or established answers to a problem d. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

a. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. a. automatic b. concepts c. diverse d. stereotypes

a. automatic

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. a. babbling b. baby talk c. lexicon d. phoneme

a. babbling

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? a. bodily kinesthetic b. intrapersonal c. logical-mathematical d. spatial

a. bodily kinesthetic

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. a. cognition b. personality c. schema d. targeting

a. cognition

Not all aspects of cognition are ________. a. consciously experienced b. essential features of adult consciousness c. essential features of human consciousness d. exceptionally complex

a. consciously experienced

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. a. emotion; memory b. feeling; remembering c. recall; retention d. recollection; sentiment

a. emotion; memory

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________. a. experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally b. less often experienced in preindustrial countries c. more often experienced in English-speaking countries d. more often experienced in industrial countries

a. experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests. a. general b. emotional c. crystallized d. fluid

a. general

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. a. grammar b. lexicon c. syntax d. thesaurus

a. grammar

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? a. interpersonal b. intrapersonal c. linguistic d. naturalist

a. interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. a. interpersonal; intrapersonal b. intrapersonal; naturalist c. logical-mathematical; interpersonal d. musical; linguistic

a. interpersonal; intrapersonal

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. linguistic b. logical-mathematical c. musical d. spatial

a. linguistic

A test that is classified as a "valid" measure is one that a. measures what it is intended to measure. b. produces repeatable scores over time. c. allows for comparison across groups of people. d. produces both repeatable scores and measures what it is intended to measure.

a. measures what it is intended to measure.

. Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? a. mild b. moderate c. profound d. severe

a. mild

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. a. one standard deviation above the mean b. one standard deviation below the mean c. two standard deviations above the mean d. 15 points above the average

a. one standard deviation above the mean

The measurement of psychological traits and abilities is referred to as a. psychometrics. b. standardized testing. c. achievement testing. d. percentile ranking.

a. psychometrics.

Which of the following kinds of items would most likely be found on a culture-free IQ test? a. visual pattern completion b. sentence completion c. vocabulary recognition d. general information

a. visual pattern completion

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." a. The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." b. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." c. The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect." d. The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice."

b. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

What is the most commonly used intelligence for testing adolescents and adults? a. Standford-Binet b. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) c. Binet-Simon d. Raven's Progressive Matrices

b. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. academic b. analytical c. creative d. practical

b. analytical

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. a. absent b. artificial c. ideal d. simple

b. artificial

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. a. algorithm b. availability heuristic c. functional fixedness d. hindsight bias

b. availability heuristic

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. a. beliefs b. concepts c. emotions d. values

b. concepts

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. a. anchoring b. confirmation c. hindsight d. representational

b. confirmation

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. analytic b. creative c. fluid d. practical

b. creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. a. analytic b. creative c. crystallized d. practical

b. creative

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. a. behaviors b. experiences c. personality d. socialization

b. experiences

What is confirmation bias? a. believing the event you just experienced was predictable b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs c. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision d. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? a. anchoring bias b. functional fixedness c. hindsight bias d. representative bias

b. functional fixedness

If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. brothers and sisters d. parents and children

b. identical twins

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? a. mild b. modest c. profound d. severe

b. modest

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. a. letter b. morpheme c. phoneme d. phonic

b. morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. a. model b. natural c. prototype d. unnatural

b. natural

. In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________. a. known; unknown b. natural; artificial c. realizable; unrealizable d. unnatural; unidentified

b. natural; artificial

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? a. perceptual reasoning b. processing memory c. verbal comprehension d. working memory

b. processing memory

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. a. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins b. revealed a genetic component to intelligence c. suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption d. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

b. revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Cameron is so surprised by his score on an intelligence test that he decides to take it again. His second score is almost exactly the same as his first score. The test Cameron took appears to have high a. predictive validity. b. test-retest reliability. c. standardization. d. convolution.

b. test-retest reliability.

What is the Flynn effect? a. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. b. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. d. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences." a. The word "category" should be changed to the word "type." b. The word "linguistic" should be changed to the word "emotional." c. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept." d. The words "objects" and "ideas" should be eliminated.

c. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

Which of the following is a healthy older adult most likely to do as well—or even better than—a younger adult? a. pattern recognition b. a geometric puzzle C. A vocabulary test d. a timed problem solving task

c. a vocabulary test

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? a. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b. comorbidity c. dysgraphia d. dyslexia

c. dysgraphia

. Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? a. dysfunction b. dysgraphia c. dyslexia d. dysthymia

c. dyslexia

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. a. anchoring bias b. availability heuristic c. hindsight bias d. representational bias

c. hindsight bias

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing. a. infiltrate b. innovate c. integrate d. intensify

c. integrate

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________. a. brain damage b. intellectual disability c. learning disability d. post-traumatic stress

c. learning disability

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? a. concept b. grammar c. lexicon d. prototype

c. lexicon

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. bodily kinesthetic b. interpersonal c. logical-mathematical d. spatial

c. logical-mathematical

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. a. anchoring bias b. functional fixedness c. mental set d. trial and error

c. mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________. a. example of the brain's ability to form prototypes b. means of sublimating frustration c. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently d. source of emotional content for the brain

c. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? a. categories of psychology b. dog breeds c. patriotism d. types of cars

c. patriotism

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. a. audio b. morpheme c. phoneme d. syntax

c. phoneme

According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as the ability to use information to address real-world problems. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. general intelligence

c. practical intelligence

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. a. amalgamation b. archetype c. prototype d. unification

c. prototype

. Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. a. availability heuristic b. confirmation bias c. representational bias d. stereotype bias

c. representational bias

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. a. artificial b. event c. role d. script

c. role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? a. interpretation b. language c. semantics d. syntax

c. semantics