Chapter 7&8

Sympathetic nervous system

A loud, unexpected noise will cause this part of the autonomic nervous systen to become active.

Thalmus

A portions of the brain that processes all sensory information except olfaction and relays information to the appropriate higher brain centers.

Axon

A single, long extension of a neuron's cell body that functions to transmit an incoming message or impulse.

Sensory Neuron

A specific type of neuron that conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord from a sensory receptor.

Pons

A structure in the brain that bridges the higher and lower brain centers

Hypothalmus

A tumor here may cause you to eat either too much of too little.

What occurs when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal? A.) Calcium ions rush into the presynaptic terminal. B.) Sodium ions rush out of the terminal and complex with the postsynaptic terminal. C.) Sodium ions rush into the terminal and complex with the neurotransmitter vesicles. D.) Calcium ions rush out of the presynaptic terminal. E.) Sodium and calcium ions rush back and forth through the voltage channels, and this allows the electrical impulse to cross the synapse.

A.) Calcium ions rush into the presynaptic terminal.

A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____. A.)cell body B.)axon C.)myelin sheath D.)dendrite E.)synaptic terminals

A.) Cell body

An action potential would most commonly arrive from which of the following structures before arriving at the axon? A.) cell body B.) dendrite C.) glial cell D.) synapse

A.) cell body

A nerve impulse moves TOWARD a neuron's cell body along _____. A.)dendrites B.)synaptic terminals C.)oligodendrocytes D.)axons E.)nodes of Ranvier

A.) dendrites

Gustav heard that a new sports drink would bulk up his muscles. He was worried that the stuff would contain steroids but was assured by his coach that it did not. He tried small amounts at first but then became impatient for results and drank a lot. He collapsed and was rushed to the emergency room with a high temperature. Using the information in this chapter, which part of the brain was most affected? A.) hypothalamus B.) insula C.) pons D.) cerebrum

A.) hypothalamus

Which of the following can be defined as a collection of structures involved in emotions and memory? A.) limbic system B.) CNS C.) autonomic system D.) parasympathetic system

A.) limbic system

A very deep groove that runs between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the ________. A.) longitudinal fissure B.) lateral fissure C.) central fissure D.) fissure of Rolando

A.) longitudinal fissure

A neuron's membrane that maintains a charge difference across its surface in which the inside is more negative than the outside is called ________. A.) resting potential B.) graded potential C.) action potential D.) summation

A.) resting potential

The specialized membrane proteins that actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane are known as the ________. A.) sodium-potassium pump B.) sodium-chloride pump C.) sodium-manganese pump D.) sodium pump

A.) sodium-potassium pump

The combined effects of inhibitory and excitatory effects on a postsynaptic cell will decide whether that cell generates an action potential. This principle is called ________. A.) summation B.) internalization C.) potentiation D.) threshold

A.) summation

Interneurons

Association neurons that are located between the sensory and motor neurons, where they integrate or interpret the sensory signals.

As an action potential is propagated and the voltage-regulated ion gates open and close, what happens? A.) The gates opening and closing causes the propagation of the action potential. This event really has nothing to do with the relative polarity of the two sides of the membrane. B.) First the membrane polarity is reversed and then the ions return to their normal electrical state. C.) The polarity is reversed, but it then becomes neutral. For a short time, the membrane cannot accept another action potential. Then the membrane potential goes from neutral back to its original state. D.) Voltage-regulated gates have nothing to do with shifts in polarity. E.) The membrane polarity reverses and stays reversed until the next action potential is propagated. Then the electrical charge returns to normal.

B.) First the membrane polarity is reversed and then the ions return to their normal electrical state.

Infants require many nutrients early in life, including lipids such as fats. A low-fat diet for infants is not recommended because, among other things, it can impact the development of the nervous system. Why does the developing nervous system need lipids? A.) Fats are needed for energy because infants are often on a low-carbohydrate diet. B.) Glial cells need lipids to produce the myelin sheath. C.) Lipids are needed to produce the polypeptide neurotransmitters used by neurons. D.) Fats are required to generate action potentials on nerve cells.

B.) Glial cells need lipids to produce the myelin sheath.

Your neighbor tried to lift a propane tank onto the back of his pickup truck and ruptured the cartilaginous disk between two of his vertebrae. What is most likely to happen to him? A.) His spinal nerve cord will enlarge. B.) He will suffer pain from a compressed spinal nerve. C.) He will have bloody stools. D.) He might have severe brain damage.

B.) He will suffer pain from a compressed spinal nerve.

When speaking of myelinating glial cells, we can correctly say that ________. A.) Schwann cells are glial cells found within the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord B.) Schwann cells are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the brain and spinal cord C.) Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes form tight layers of overlapping cells D.) glial cells wrap nerve cell bodies in myelin, so that the electrical circuits are not shorted out E.) glial cells wrap around the nodes of Ranvier and enable these nodes to act as "jumping points" for saltatory conduction

B.) Schwann cells are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the brain and spinal cord

Which of these statements best describes a synapse? A.) Synapse is a synonym for "electrical stimulation." B.) The synapse includes the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane. C.) The synapse is the membrane on the postsynaptic terminal. D.) Synapse is a term used to define the total process of the impulse moving from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. E.) The synapse is the membrane on the presynaptic terminal.

B.) The synapse includes the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane.

Sodium and potassium ions cross the neuron's membrane to cause which of the following processes? A.) passive transport B.) action potential C.) refractory period D.) transmission

B.) action potential

The part of the nerve cell responsible for origination of the nerve impulse is the ________. A.) dendrite, because it brings the impulse into the cell body B.) axon hillock, because this is the specific area of the nerve cell that generates the electrical impulse that travels along the axon C.) axon, because the axon takes the impulse away from the cell body D.) nutritional center, because if it were not for raw materials, the cell could not generate the electrical impulse E.) nucleus, because the nucleus is responsible for the general coordination of any cell

B.) axon hillock, because this is the specific area of the nerve cell that generates the electrical impulse that travels along the axon

Which brain structure maintains homeostasis and influences blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, breathing rate, and body temperature? A.) thalamus B.) hypothalamus C.) cerebellum D.) medulla oblongata

B.) hypothalamus

This 1-inch section of the brain controls the breathing rhythm and heart rate. A.) hippocampus B.) medulla oblongata C.) temporal lobe D.) occipital lobe

B.) medulla oblongata

In saltatory conduction, nerve impulses jump from one exposed region of the axon to another. This exposed region is called the ________. A.) interneurons B.) node of Ranvier C.) Schwann cell gap D.) motor end plate

B.) node of Ranvier

You are generally not aware of the texture of the cloth of your shirt as it rests on your shoulders, unless someone or something happens to make you think of it. What part of the brain is responsible for filtering out such stimuli? A.) cerebellum B.) reticular activating center C.) primary motor area D.) postcentral gyrus

B.) reticular activating center

What does saltatory conduction mean? A.) Saltatory conduction means that the impulse moves along the dendrite instead of along the axon. B.) Saltatory conduction is another name for nerve impulses found in the central nervous system. C.) Saltatory conduction means that the nerve impulse seems to jump from one node to the next—and is regenerated as it speeds along. D.) Saltatory conduction means that the impulse is regulated by the axons and dendrites working in unison. E.) Saltatory conduction means that the impulse starts at the cell's nucleus rather than at the axon hillock.

C.) Saltatory conduction means that the nerve impulse seems to jump from one node to the next—and is regenerated as it speeds along.

Name the three principal parts of the nerve cell. A.) dendrites, nucleus, axon hillock B.) cell body, nutritional center, axon C.) axon, dendrites, cell body D.) nucleus, axon hillock, nodes of Ranvier E.) cell body, axon, axon hillock

C.) axon, dendrites, cell body

During an automobile accident, Susan received a serious head injury to the left side. Afterward she had a hard time speaking, although she showed that she understood what was being said to her. Which area of her cerebrum was damaged? A.) medulla oblongata B.) temporal lobe C.) frontal lobe D.) occipital lobe

C.) frontal lobe

Ivana has a rapidly growing brain tumor and must be put on life support because she can no longer maintain appropriate heart and respiratory rates. She is also having trouble maintaining blood pressure. The most likely area that the tumor is affecting is the ________. A.) thalamus B.) occipital lobe C.) medulla oblongata D.) corpus callosum

C.) medulla oblongata

Which of these diseases involves the destruction of the myelin sheath on certain neurons within the brain and spinal cord? A.) Parkinson's disease B.) depression C.) multiple sclerosis D.) Alzheimer's disease

C.) multiple sclerosis

You might have been accidentally exposed to an insecticide while working in a citrus grove. What symptoms of poisoning would you watch for? A.) excessive urination B.) depression C.) muscle tremors D.) Alzheimer's disease

C.) muscle tremors

Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated. A.) node of Ranvier B.) synaptic terminal C.) myelin sheath D.) layer of asbestos E.) astrocytes

C.) myelin sheath

Which of the following is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent neurons to convey a message to the next cell? A.) dendrite B.) action potential C.) neurotransmitter D.) synapse

C.) neurotransmitter

An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____. A.) oligodendrocyte ... Schwann cell B.) node of Ranvier ... Schwann cell C.) node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier D.) Schwann cell ... Schwann cell E.) Schwann cell ... node of Ranvier

C.) node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier

Which one of the following ions outside the neuron would make it very difficult for a depolarization to occur? A.) manganese B.) chloride C.) sodium D.) potassium

C.) sodium

What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector? A.) dendrite B.) axon hillock C.) synaptic terminal D.) axon E.) node of Ranvier

C.) synaptic terminal

Which of these structures is located under the cerebral hemispheres and is important in sensory experience, motor activity, stimulation of the cerebral cortex, and memory? A.) pons B.) cerebellum C.) thalamus D.) hypothalamus

C.) thalamus

In a resting nerve cell membrane (think axon), the electrical relationship between the fluid inside the membrane (inside the cell) and the fluid outside the membrane (extracellular fluid) is as follows: ________. A.) the interior is positive relative to the exterior b.) the relative electrical measurement varies with the type of nerve cell. Some nerve cells have a resting potential with the interior positive relative to the exterior, and some nerve cells have a resting potential with the interior negative relative to the exterior. A few are even neutral C.) the interior is negative relative to the exterior D.) the relative electrical difference (or membrane potential) cannot be determined E.) the fluid inside the membrane (in the cytoplasm) and the fluid outside the membrane (the extracellular fluid) are electrically identical

C.) the interior is negative relative to the exterior

The role of the sodium-potassium pump in the story of the action potential is as follows: ________. A.) the sodium-potassium pump maintains the synaptic terminals, where the neurons communicate with other cells B.) the sodium-potassium pump produces channels that rebuff both sodium ions and potassium ions (which prevents these ions from moving across the membrane) C.) the sodium-potassium pump functions in returning the membrane to its "normal" state after an action potential has been propagated D.) the sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the storing of potential energy in the membrane

C.) the sodium-potassium pump functions in returning the membrane to its "normal" state after an action potential has been propagated

As an action potential moves along an axon, we could say that ________. A.) when the signal first reaches the axon, the potassium channels open and the potassium ions move down a concentration gradient B.) when the signal first reaches the axon, the leaky potassium channels, which are normally always open, suddenly close and become electrical channels for sodium C.) when the signal first reaches the axon, the sodium channels open and the sodium ions move down a concentration gradient D.) when the signal first reaches the nucleus, the sodium and potassium channels in the axon membrane open (which allows the transfer of ions from one side to the other)

C.) when the signal first reaches the axon, the sodium channels open and the sodium ions move down a concentration gradient

A new drug interferes with the function of the dendrites of a neuron. What will happen to this neuron? A.) The neuron will sometimes send signals and will sometimes not send signals. B.) The neuron will die off. C.)The neuron will continuously send signals. D.) The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon.

D.) The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon.

When the neurotransmitter crosses the synapse, what happens? A.) The neurotransmitter binds to the axon of the postsynaptic neuron, and this stimulates the nucleus in the cell body to generate another action potential. B.) The ions flow into the channels on the postsynaptic membrane. This excites the axons and causes another action potential to be generated. C.) The neurotransmitters bind to the membrane. This causes the ion channels to close. D.) The neurotransmitter causes the channel to open, and this can cause a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

D.) The neurotransmitter causes the channel to open, and this can cause a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

Which of the following is NOT a method for clearing neurotransmitters from a synapse? A.) They can be enzymatically degraded. B.) They are "recycled" by the presynaptic terminal. C.) They can be taken up into the presynaptic terminal. D.) They can be taken up into the postsynaptic neuron

D.) They can be taken up into the postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following parts of the nervous system is closest to a muscle? A.) neuroglial cell B.) interneuron C.) neuron D.) motor neuron

D.) motor neuron

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the electrical transmission of a nerve impulse? A.) synapse, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron B.) In humans, electrical stimulation can begin at either end of the transmission passage. It depends on the source of the stimulation. C.) postsynaptic neuron, synapse, presynaptic neuron D.) presynaptic neuron, synapse, postsynaptic neuron E.) synapse, postsynaptic neuron, presynaptic neuron

D.) presynaptic neuron, synapse, postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following is a specific function of the cerebrospinal fluid? A.) bone building B.) thinking C.) promoting inflammation D.) shock absorption

D.) shock absorption

In the propagation of an action potential, which voltage-regulated gates open first? A.) channels for negatively charged protein molecules B.) both sodium and potassium gates open at the same time C.) potassium gates D.) sodium gates E.) calcium gates

D.) sodium gates

Which statement accurately describes the myelin sheath? A.) It is found on all axons outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). B.) It is found on dendrites in the central nervous system and prevents crossing over of electrical impulses between the axons and the dendrites. C.) It prevents saltatory conduction. D.) It allows the nodes of Ranvier to act as an electrical insulator. E.) It speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses.

E.) It speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses.

What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron? A.) astrocytes B.) microglial cells C.) Ranvier cells D.) ependymal cells E.) Schwann cells

E.) Schwann cells

Ion Channels

Membrane proteins that allow specific charged molecules to pass through from one side of membrane to the other.

Synaptic Knobs

Part of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released

Motor Neuron

Specific neurons that carry information away from the brain and spinal cord to an effector such as a muscle or a gland.

Excitatory synapse

Synapse in which neurotransmitters allow sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell.

Inhibitory synapse

Synapse in which neurotransmitters decrease the chance of an action potential on the postsynaptic cell.

Synapse

The junction between a neuron and another cell.

Dendrite

The short branching projections of a neuron, which provide surface area for sending and receiving signals from other cells.

Reticular activating input

This filters sensory input.

Limbic system

This is a group of a brain structures that helps us to experience feelings such as joy, fear, and anger.

Somatic Nervous System

This part of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the central nervous system and may also direct voluntary movements.

Autonomic nervous system

This part of the peripheral nervous system regulates involuntary body functions, heart rate, and breathing rate.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Thus portion of the central nervous system governs bodily acticities during restful conditions.

Corpus Callosum

Tissue located within the brain that allows the left and right cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another.

Why are many muscles at the effector end of the reflex arc found in antagonistic pairs? a.) Antagonistic muscles have opposite actions. This is often needed for a reflex. b.) One member of the antagonistic pair stimulates the muscle so the action can occur. The other member of the antagonistic pair prevents other neurons from being stimulated. c.) Scientists have not yet figured out why antagonistic pairs are found in so many effector actions in a reflex. d.) Sensors are small but the required action for the effectors is large. Therefore, more than one muscle is needed to complete the reflex action.

a.) Antagonistic muscles have opposite actions. This is often needed for a reflex.

You touch a hot stove and your hand quickly jerks away. What is the path of the nerve impulses that are responsible for this reflex? a.) sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron b.) motor neuron to interneuron to sensory neuron c.) interneuron to sensory neuron to motor neuron d.) motor neuron to sensory neuron to interneuron

a.) sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron

True or false. An individual who has suffered a stroke, which has caused damage in his cerebrum, and is now having problems with his hearing, has probably suffered damage to his occipital lobe. a.) True b.) False

b.) False

An action potential moves along a(n) _____. a.) myelin sheath b.) axon c.) nucleus d.) synapse e.) cell body

b.) axon

You are watching a football game with your friends. A wide receiver makes an incredible catch and then runs 20 yards, skillfully dodging defensive players to make a touchdown. Your friend Joe says, "Amazing! How does he do that?" The receiver's outstanding sensory-motor coordination is largely due to the actions of his __________. a.) hypothalamus b.) cerebellum c.) medulla d.) reticular activating system

b.) cerebellum

Neurons with a myelin sheath carry impulses __________ unmyelinated cells. a.) at the same speed as b.) faster than c.) slower than

b.) faster than

The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____. a.) action of the sodium-potassium pump b.) opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron c.) opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron d.)opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions out of the neuron e.)opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron

b.) opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron

When you ride your bike to class, which area of the cerebrum are you using to move your leg muscles? a.) corpus callosum b.) premotor cortex c.) somatosensory d.) thalamus

b.) premotor cortex

Which part of the brain is associated with conscious thought, memory, and personality? a.) Pons b.) Medulla c.) Cerebral cortex d.) Cerebellum

c.) Cerebral cortex

Consider the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Which statement is generally true? a.) The specific neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cannot be determined. b.) In general, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine. c.) In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine. d.) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the principal neurotransmitters of all parts of the nervous system. e.) Acetylcholine is a "backup" neurotransmitter. f.)Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are both neurotransmitters that can be given off by either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous systems, depending on the situation.

c.) In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.

Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the myelin sheath is destroyed. What will happen to nerve conduction speed in affected neurons? a.) It will speed up dramatically. b.) It will speed up just a little bit. c.) It will slow down dramatically. d.) There will be no effect.

c.) It will slow down dramatically.

Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex? a.) Hypothalamus b.) Medulla oblongata c.) Thalamus d.) Midbrain

c.) Thalamus

Think of the heart in the tutorial. Now, picture yourself being chased by a herd of wild elephants. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions on your heart? a.) The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to slow down. The parasympathetic nervous system will become somewhat inactive. b.) Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems will be "cranked up" so that you can escape from the wild elephants. c.) The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden." d.) Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems shut down so that the heart can beat faster to help give you the reserves you need to escape the crisis.

c.) The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden."

Which set of words can correctly be used to describe interneurons? a.) sensory and motor b.) excitatory and motor c.) excitatory and inhibitory d.) inhibitory and sensory

c.) excitatory and inhibitory

As you sit here studying, you are unlikely to be aware of the pressure of your clothes against your body and the rustling of paper as other students turn pages. Which part of the brain "decides" that these are unimportant stimuli? a.) cerebellum b.) hypothalamus c.) reticular activating system d.) medulla

c.) reticular activating system

A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas. a.) potassium ... opening of voltage-gated potassium channels b.) sodium ... opening of voltage-gated potassium channels c.) sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels d.) sodium ... closing of voltage-gated sodium channels e.) potassium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

c.) sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

When discussing the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, we can most correctly state that ________. a.) the sympathetic nerves arise from the brain stem and the sacral plexus; the parasympathetic nerves all emerge from the spinal cord b.)the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain stem and the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord c.)the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord d.) all autonomic nerves—both sympathetic and parasympathetic—emerge from the spinal cord e.) all autonomic nerves—both sympathetic and parasympathetic—emerge from the brain and brain stem

c.)the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord

A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts. a.) +50 b.) +35 c.) -55 d.) -70 e.) -80

d.) -70

What is the difference between a reflex and a reflex arc? a.) A reflex is a response to pain; a reflex arc is a response to a mental stimulus. b.) A reflex arc is the neural circuitry that functions in response to a stimulus. Reflex is a colloquial term that really has no scientific meaning. c.) A reflex arc is an automatic response; a reflex is the neural circuitry. d.) A reflex is an automatic response; a reflex arc is the neural circuitry.

d.) A reflex is an automatic response; a reflex arc is the neural circuitry.

Which of the following statements is true about the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers? a.) Both types of nerve fibers use the same neurotransmitter. b.) Sympathetic nerve fibers are more active when the body is at rest; parasympathetic fibers are more active during emergencies. c.) Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate some internal organs; parasympathetic fibers innervate other internal organs. d.) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.

d.) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.

A nerve impulse does not vary in intensity with regard to the strength of the stimulus. This is known as what principle? a.) graded response b.) refractory period c.) resting membrane potential d.) all-or-nothing principle

d.) all-or-nothing principle

A nerve impulse moves AWAY from a neuron's cell body along _____. a.)dendrites b.)Nissl bodies c.)synapses d.)axons e.)glia

d.) axons

Belinda was riding a bicycle without a helmet and was struck by a car. She hit the back of her head very hard in the fall. The physician is quite concerned because the medulla is located at the base of the skull. She explains to Belinda's parents that injury to the medulla could result in __________. a.) the loss of coordination, such that the child may never regain the motor skills needed to ride a bicycle b.) amnesia (the loss of memory) c.) the loss of speech d.) death, because many life-support systems are controlled here

d.) death, because many life-support systems are controlled here

Repolarization __________. a.) occurs as the sodium-potassium pump moves potassium out of the axon b.) establishes the threshold voltage c.) is due to movement of sodium ions into the axon d.) is due to movement of potassium ions out of the axon

d.) is due to movement of potassium ions out of the axon

If someone were to yell, "Fire!" now and you suddenly began to smell smoke, which part of your nervous system would become activated to prepare your internal body systems to deal with the dangerous situation? a.) meninges b.) parasympathetic system c.) somatic system d.) sympathetic system

d.) sympathetic system

At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane? a.) the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron b.) the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron c.) the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron d.) the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron e.) the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron

d.) the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron

Which statement most accurately describes the relative physical position of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? a.) The sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia are all located along parts of the brain stem. b.)The sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia are all located near the target organs. c.)The sympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the brain stem. The parasympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the spinal cord. d.)The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs. e.)The parasympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the brain stem, and the sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord.

d.)The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs.

Which component of a reflex arc carries information to the central nervous system? a.) interneurons b.) effectors c.) sensory receptors d.) motor neurons e.) sensory neurons

e.) sensory neurons