chapter 8
theta activity
EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
paradoxical sleep
The type of sleep encountered during REM when internally, the brain and body are active; while externally, the body appears calm and inactive. High cerebral metabolism
circadian rhythm
a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process, can be disrupted by food and light
sleep-related eating disorder
a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day
pineal gland
a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)
a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal (project to locus coeruleus, raphe nuceli, tuberomammillary nucleus) and controls SWS
raphe nuclei
a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons
melatonin
a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms
sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)
a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop
hynogogic hallucination
a symptom of narcolepsy, vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep, accompanied by sleep paralysis
sleep attack
a symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed
cataplexy
a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking. can be triggered by excitement
sleep paralysis
a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep
sleep apnea
a type of insomnia, causes cessation of breathing while sleeping
hypocretin (orexin)
loss of ____ neurons or receptors causes narcolepsy
tuberomammillary nucleus
a region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that produces histamine.
ventrolateral periaqueducal gray matter (IPAG)
a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-Off portion of the REM sleep flip-flop
stage 4 SWS
oscillations less than 1 Hz
alpha activity
(8-12 Hz) waking resting activity & not aroused or engaged in mental activity, eyes are closed. EEG shows synchrony, high amplitude and low frequency
Shift Work/Jet Lag
when people abruptly change their daily rhythms, there internal circadian rhythms controlled by the SCN become desynchronized
4 (slow-wave sleep)
when people are difficult to rouse from sleep, they are probably in sleep stage. This is also when nightmares can occur
beta activity
(13-30 Hz) waking activity that occurs when a person is alert, attentive, & while problem solving. shows desynchrony on EEG, low amplitude and high frequency waveforms)
sleep is probably not controlled by blood-borne chemicals in general circulation
- conjoined twins share the same circulatory system but sleep independently - bottle-nose dolphins: 2 brain hemispheres sleep independently This indicates that
delta activity
<3.5 Hz, synchronized
narcolepsy
A hereditary autoimmune sleep disorder characterized by irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. People are born with orexinergic neurons but during adolescence the immune system attack these neurons
locus coeruleus
A noradrenergic pontine nucleus near the boundary between the pons and midbrain; many of its neurons are active during SWS and inactive during REM sleep.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian and seasonal rhythms (not by direct neural connections, maybe by a chemical signal)
preoptic area
A region in the anterior hypothalamus involved in initiation of sleep by inhibiting brain areas involved in arousal (and generating and regulating male sexual behavior)
EEG (electroencephalogram)
An amplified recording of the brain wave electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
insomnia
Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
ventrolateral periaqueducal gray matter (IPAG), excitatory, orexinergic, lateral hypothalamus, noradrenergic, serotonergic
During waking, the REM-OFF region (_____ ) receives ____ input from ______ neurons of the ____ ____, which tips the REM flip-flop into the OFF state. It also receives this type of input from _____ and _____ neurons
per, tim, PER, TIM, per, tim
In the fruit fly, the genes ___ and ____ control the production of the proteins ___ and ___. when these proteins accumulate, the ___ and ____ genes are turned off. The proteins then start to decline and the genes are turned back on.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
NT that produces behavioral activation and cortical desynchrony, agonists increase arousal
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, hypocretin (orexin)
NTs involved in arousal
scanning
REM eye movements mimic ___ eye movements
visual association cortex, inferior frontal cortex
REM is accompanied by high levels of blood flow in the ___ but low levels in the ____
Parkinson's disease
REM sleep behavior disorder is often associated with
fatal familial insomnia
Progressive untreatable insomnia characterized by reduced sleep spindles and K complexes, then SWS declines and brief REM sleep remains
nondeclarative (implicit), declarative (explicit)
REM sleep facilitates consolidation of ___ memory, while SWS facilitates consolidation of ____ memory
ventral path of stimulation
Reticular formation (brainstem) -> lateral hypothalamus, basal ganglia, forebrain
dorsal path of stimulation
Reticular formation (brainstem) -> medial thalamus -> cortex
stimulants, antidepressants
Sleep attacks can be diminished with ____. The REM sleep phenomena (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations) are treated with ______ which facilitate serotonergic and noradregnergic activity
eat more, become ill, probably die
Sleep deprived rats will
3,4, SWS, REM sleep
Sleep terrors are often in stage __ or ____ of ____. Nightmares are often in ____ .
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
The SCN projects to the ____ ____, which connects with the pineal gland to secrete melatonin.
amacrine/ganglion, intergeniculate leaflet
The SCN receives input from _____/_____ cells in the retina (light) and ____ in the lateral geniculate nucleus which may mediate the ability of other environmental stimuli to reset circadian rhythms, so this pathway can also act as a zeitgeber
ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)
Total insomnia is produced in rats after damage to their ________ area.
advanced sleep phase syndrome, per2
a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (____) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
delayed sleep phase syndrome, per3
a 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (___) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
slow-wave, decreases, pons
When the sleep/wake flip/flop switches into the sleep phase, ___ sleep begins. Excitatory input to the REM-OFF area ____, so it stops inhibiting the REM-ON region. A region of the ____ controls the next on-off switches
biological time clock, hunger, satiety
___ and ____ activate LH orexinergic neurons, while ___ inhibits them.
adenosine, arousal orexinergic neurons
___ excites the vIPOA, which inhibits ____ and _____ ____.
ACh
____ neurons play an important role in cerebral activation during wakefulness and neocortical activation during REM sleep
Testosterone, SCN
____ secretion in male hamsters shows an annual rhythm, but the annual rhythms is abolished by ___ lesions, that cause male hamster to secrete the same level all year
EMG (electromyography)
a measurement technique that records the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles. It indicates the muscle activity
REM sleep behavior disorder
a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams. neurodegenerative disorder with a genetic component
orexin
a peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy
melanopsin
a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei
1/3
amount of life spent in sleep
Serotonin (5-HT)
arousal inducing, present during waking and REM sleep
Hypocretin (orexin)
arousal, found in lateral hypothalamus and projects to tuberomammillary nucleus, Ach neurons in pons and basal forebrain, cortex
sleep may be useful for restoration and repair
brain activity is reduced during SWS (delta) persons awakened from SWS appear groggy and confused exercise and forced bed rest have little effect on sleep these things relate to the idea that....
alpha, delta, theta
brain waves during non-REM sleep
slow-wave sleep and REM
dreams occur during
EEG desynchrony (rapid, irregular waves), Lack of muscle tones, rapid eye movements, penile erection or vaginal secretion, dreams
characteristics of REM sleep (5)
EEG synchrony (slow waves), moderate muscle tones, slow or absent eye movements, no genital activity
characteristics of slow-wave sleep (4)
REM flip-flop
controls our cycles of REM sleep and slow-wave sleep, functions via mutual inhibition systems that ensure only one region is active at a time
direct increase, indirect increase
cortical projections from histaminergic neurons cause ____ ____ of arousal, while basal forebrain projections cause ____ ___ of arousal.
Jouvet's Lesions
destroyed a net of neurons that are responsible for paralysis during rem sleep, they are located in the REM-On region and travel to spinal cord
ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)
electrical stimulation of the _____ induces drowsiness in cats.
Orexinergic neurons
excitatory projections from the SCN go to the
Down State in Slow-Wave Sleep
first part of the wave, indicates a period of inhibition when neurons of neocortex are resting
Orexinergic system
helps stabilize flip-flop between sleep and wakefulness
REM sleep
high respiration and blood pressure, rapid eye movements, loss of muscle tone, vivid emotional dreams, signs of sexual arousal
impaired cognitive function, perceptual distortion, hallucinations, impaired concentration (doesn't cause physical stress or interfere with bodily function)
in humans, sleep deprivation can cause
orexinergic, amygdala, on
in people with narcolepsy, with the loss of --- neurons, emotions activate the ____ and tip the REM flip-flop into the ___ state, resulting in an attack of cataplexy
ventrolateral preoptic area
inhibitory projections from the SCN go to the
negative feedback
it is hypothesized that clock cells use a ___ ____ mechanism to control circadian cycles
90 minutes
length of one sleep cycle and one daily rest-activity cycle
non-rem sleep
light, even respiration, muscle control is present, dreaming is rational
EOG (electrooculogram)
measures eye movement
SWS may be involved in restoration
mental activity and and physical activity increase SWS, and no changes in SWS after prolonged bed rest. this indicates that
Paralysis neurons
neurons in the REM-On region that cause paralysis during rem sleep. damage to these causes person to act out his or her dreams (not the same as sleep walking)
slow-wave sleep
non-REM sleep in sleep stages 3 and 4, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages
alpha activity
not asleep, high amplitude and low frequency, synchrony
beta activity
not asleep, low amplitude and high frequency, desynchrony
Up State in Slow-Wave Sleep
period of neuronal excitation, neurons briefly fire at a high rate
vigilance, consolidation of memory, facilitation of brain development
possible functions of REM sleep (3)
sleep may be an adaptive response
present in all vertebrates rem sleep occurs in all mammals maybe kept ancestors away from night predators indus dolphins sleep even though its dangerous these things may indicate that...
K complexes
single high-voltage spikes of brain activity, play a role in memory consolidation in stage 2 sleep
behavior (urge to lie down for several hours in a quiet environment)
sleep is considered a
adenosine
sleep-promoting agent, increases delta waves, produced by astrocytes when they mobilize stored glycogen
sleep spindles
short bursts of brain waves detected in stages 1-4 sleep
Zeitgebers
stimuli (light of dawn) that relet the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms
sleep/wake flip-flip, REM flip-flop
the ____ ___ determines when we wake and fall asleep. Once we fall asleep the ___ ___ controls our cycles of REM sleep and slow wave sleep
pineal gland, SCN
the ____ ____ and ____ interact to control seasonal rhythms.
REM rebound
the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of REM after periods of sleep deprivation
frequency of cycles (Hz)
what determines the classification of brain wave activity
beta activity (desynchronized EEG)
what kind of activity is present in REM sleep
REM
what kind of sleep decreases with age and can be studied exclusively