chapter 8

theta activity

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep

paradoxical sleep

The type of sleep encountered during REM when internally, the brain and body are active; while externally, the body appears calm and inactive. High cerebral metabolism

circadian rhythm

a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process, can be disrupted by food and light

sleep-related eating disorder

a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day

pineal gland

a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)

a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal (project to locus coeruleus, raphe nuceli, tuberomammillary nucleus) and controls SWS

raphe nuclei

a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons

melatonin

a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop

hynogogic hallucination

a symptom of narcolepsy, vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep, accompanied by sleep paralysis

sleep attack

a symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed

cataplexy

a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking. can be triggered by excitement

sleep paralysis

a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep

sleep apnea

a type of insomnia, causes cessation of breathing while sleeping

hypocretin (orexin)

loss of ____ neurons or receptors causes narcolepsy

tuberomammillary nucleus

a region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that produces histamine.

ventrolateral periaqueducal gray matter (IPAG)

a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-Off portion of the REM sleep flip-flop

stage 4 SWS

oscillations less than 1 Hz

alpha activity

(8-12 Hz) waking resting activity & not aroused or engaged in mental activity, eyes are closed. EEG shows synchrony, high amplitude and low frequency

Shift Work/Jet Lag

when people abruptly change their daily rhythms, there internal circadian rhythms controlled by the SCN become desynchronized

4 (slow-wave sleep)

when people are difficult to rouse from sleep, they are probably in sleep stage. This is also when nightmares can occur

beta activity

(13-30 Hz) waking activity that occurs when a person is alert, attentive, & while problem solving. shows desynchrony on EEG, low amplitude and high frequency waveforms)

sleep is probably not controlled by blood-borne chemicals in general circulation

- conjoined twins share the same circulatory system but sleep independently - bottle-nose dolphins: 2 brain hemispheres sleep independently This indicates that

delta activity

<3.5 Hz, synchronized

narcolepsy

A hereditary autoimmune sleep disorder characterized by irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. People are born with orexinergic neurons but during adolescence the immune system attack these neurons

locus coeruleus

A noradrenergic pontine nucleus near the boundary between the pons and midbrain; many of its neurons are active during SWS and inactive during REM sleep.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian and seasonal rhythms (not by direct neural connections, maybe by a chemical signal)

preoptic area

A region in the anterior hypothalamus involved in initiation of sleep by inhibiting brain areas involved in arousal (and generating and regulating male sexual behavior)

EEG (electroencephalogram)

An amplified recording of the brain wave electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

insomnia

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

ventrolateral periaqueducal gray matter (IPAG), excitatory, orexinergic, lateral hypothalamus, noradrenergic, serotonergic

During waking, the REM-OFF region (_____ ) receives ____ input from ______ neurons of the ____ ____, which tips the REM flip-flop into the OFF state. It also receives this type of input from _____ and _____ neurons

per, tim, PER, TIM, per, tim

In the fruit fly, the genes ___ and ____ control the production of the proteins ___ and ___. when these proteins accumulate, the ___ and ____ genes are turned off. The proteins then start to decline and the genes are turned back on.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

NT that produces behavioral activation and cortical desynchrony, agonists increase arousal

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, hypocretin (orexin)

NTs involved in arousal

scanning

REM eye movements mimic ___ eye movements

visual association cortex, inferior frontal cortex

REM is accompanied by high levels of blood flow in the ___ but low levels in the ____

Parkinson's disease

REM sleep behavior disorder is often associated with

fatal familial insomnia

Progressive untreatable insomnia characterized by reduced sleep spindles and K complexes, then SWS declines and brief REM sleep remains

nondeclarative (implicit), declarative (explicit)

REM sleep facilitates consolidation of ___ memory, while SWS facilitates consolidation of ____ memory

ventral path of stimulation

Reticular formation (brainstem) -> lateral hypothalamus, basal ganglia, forebrain

dorsal path of stimulation

Reticular formation (brainstem) -> medial thalamus -> cortex

stimulants, antidepressants

Sleep attacks can be diminished with ____. The REM sleep phenomena (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations) are treated with ______ which facilitate serotonergic and noradregnergic activity

eat more, become ill, probably die

Sleep deprived rats will

3,4, SWS, REM sleep

Sleep terrors are often in stage __ or ____ of ____. Nightmares are often in ____ .

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

The SCN projects to the ____ ____, which connects with the pineal gland to secrete melatonin.

amacrine/ganglion, intergeniculate leaflet

The SCN receives input from _____/_____ cells in the retina (light) and ____ in the lateral geniculate nucleus which may mediate the ability of other environmental stimuli to reset circadian rhythms, so this pathway can also act as a zeitgeber

ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)

Total insomnia is produced in rats after damage to their ________ area.

advanced sleep phase syndrome, per2

a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (____) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

delayed sleep phase syndrome, per3

a 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (___) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

slow-wave, decreases, pons

When the sleep/wake flip/flop switches into the sleep phase, ___ sleep begins. Excitatory input to the REM-OFF area ____, so it stops inhibiting the REM-ON region. A region of the ____ controls the next on-off switches

biological time clock, hunger, satiety

___ and ____ activate LH orexinergic neurons, while ___ inhibits them.

adenosine, arousal orexinergic neurons

___ excites the vIPOA, which inhibits ____ and _____ ____.

ACh

____ neurons play an important role in cerebral activation during wakefulness and neocortical activation during REM sleep

Testosterone, SCN

____ secretion in male hamsters shows an annual rhythm, but the annual rhythms is abolished by ___ lesions, that cause male hamster to secrete the same level all year

EMG (electromyography)

a measurement technique that records the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles. It indicates the muscle activity

REM sleep behavior disorder

a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams. neurodegenerative disorder with a genetic component

orexin

a peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy

melanopsin

a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei

1/3

amount of life spent in sleep

Serotonin (5-HT)

arousal inducing, present during waking and REM sleep

Hypocretin (orexin)

arousal, found in lateral hypothalamus and projects to tuberomammillary nucleus, Ach neurons in pons and basal forebrain, cortex

sleep may be useful for restoration and repair

brain activity is reduced during SWS (delta) persons awakened from SWS appear groggy and confused exercise and forced bed rest have little effect on sleep these things relate to the idea that....

alpha, delta, theta

brain waves during non-REM sleep

slow-wave sleep and REM

dreams occur during

EEG desynchrony (rapid, irregular waves), Lack of muscle tones, rapid eye movements, penile erection or vaginal secretion, dreams

characteristics of REM sleep (5)

EEG synchrony (slow waves), moderate muscle tones, slow or absent eye movements, no genital activity

characteristics of slow-wave sleep (4)

REM flip-flop

controls our cycles of REM sleep and slow-wave sleep, functions via mutual inhibition systems that ensure only one region is active at a time

direct increase, indirect increase

cortical projections from histaminergic neurons cause ____ ____ of arousal, while basal forebrain projections cause ____ ___ of arousal.

Jouvet's Lesions

destroyed a net of neurons that are responsible for paralysis during rem sleep, they are located in the REM-On region and travel to spinal cord

ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)

electrical stimulation of the _____ induces drowsiness in cats.

Orexinergic neurons

excitatory projections from the SCN go to the

Down State in Slow-Wave Sleep

first part of the wave, indicates a period of inhibition when neurons of neocortex are resting

Orexinergic system

helps stabilize flip-flop between sleep and wakefulness

REM sleep

high respiration and blood pressure, rapid eye movements, loss of muscle tone, vivid emotional dreams, signs of sexual arousal

impaired cognitive function, perceptual distortion, hallucinations, impaired concentration (doesn't cause physical stress or interfere with bodily function)

in humans, sleep deprivation can cause

orexinergic, amygdala, on

in people with narcolepsy, with the loss of --- neurons, emotions activate the ____ and tip the REM flip-flop into the ___ state, resulting in an attack of cataplexy

ventrolateral preoptic area

inhibitory projections from the SCN go to the

negative feedback

it is hypothesized that clock cells use a ___ ____ mechanism to control circadian cycles

90 minutes

length of one sleep cycle and one daily rest-activity cycle

non-rem sleep

light, even respiration, muscle control is present, dreaming is rational

EOG (electrooculogram)

measures eye movement

SWS may be involved in restoration

mental activity and and physical activity increase SWS, and no changes in SWS after prolonged bed rest. this indicates that

Paralysis neurons

neurons in the REM-On region that cause paralysis during rem sleep. damage to these causes person to act out his or her dreams (not the same as sleep walking)

slow-wave sleep

non-REM sleep in sleep stages 3 and 4, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages

alpha activity

not asleep, high amplitude and low frequency, synchrony

beta activity

not asleep, low amplitude and high frequency, desynchrony

Up State in Slow-Wave Sleep

period of neuronal excitation, neurons briefly fire at a high rate

vigilance, consolidation of memory, facilitation of brain development

possible functions of REM sleep (3)

sleep may be an adaptive response

present in all vertebrates rem sleep occurs in all mammals maybe kept ancestors away from night predators indus dolphins sleep even though its dangerous these things may indicate that...

K complexes

single high-voltage spikes of brain activity, play a role in memory consolidation in stage 2 sleep

behavior (urge to lie down for several hours in a quiet environment)

sleep is considered a

adenosine

sleep-promoting agent, increases delta waves, produced by astrocytes when they mobilize stored glycogen

sleep spindles

short bursts of brain waves detected in stages 1-4 sleep

Zeitgebers

stimuli (light of dawn) that relet the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms

sleep/wake flip-flip, REM flip-flop

the ____ ___ determines when we wake and fall asleep. Once we fall asleep the ___ ___ controls our cycles of REM sleep and slow wave sleep

pineal gland, SCN

the ____ ____ and ____ interact to control seasonal rhythms.

REM rebound

the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of REM after periods of sleep deprivation

frequency of cycles (Hz)

what determines the classification of brain wave activity

beta activity (desynchronized EEG)

what kind of activity is present in REM sleep

REM

what kind of sleep decreases with age and can be studied exclusively