Chapter 8: Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes 1750-1900

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen claim?

"men are born and remain free and equal in rights"

By the _____, women were advocating for their _______ and gaining a growing __________

1) 1870s 2) suffrage 3) constituency (support)

What are the global impacts of the Atlantic Revolutions? Give 5 examples.

1) Efforts to abolish slavery 2) To extend the rights to vote 3) Secure women greater equality 4) Rise of nationalism 5) Creation of constitutions

Why didn't American colonies want to separate from England before the mid-eighteenth century? Give three examples

1) England provided protection for wars 2) Access to British markets 3) Americans can identify themselves as "Englishmen"

How were Atlantic revolutions influenced by the Enlightenment?

1) Equality in rights of women (Voltaire) and the exploited 2) Challenging the power of the nobility 3) Establishing democratic societies

What did women do during the French Revolution?

1) Formed women's clubs 2) Signed petitions 3) Women revolted (i.e. around the Palace of Versailles when they heard a rumor Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain)

What are key differences between American and French revolutions? Give three examples.

1) France introduced ideas of female political equality 2) French women participated in revolutions 3) American ideas spread its influence through revolution and constitution whereas France spread through Napoleon Bonaparte

What are three key ideas the Atlantic revolutions share?

1) Ideas of republicanism 2) Greater social equality 3) National liberation from foreign rule

Outside of Western Europe and North America, how was feminism interpreted?

1) Islamic world and China believed that education and a higher status for women strengthened the nation in its struggles for development and independence and therefore deserved support 2) Huda Sharawi, founder of the first feminist organization in Egypt, threw her veil in the sea, many Egyptian women followed

How did Atlantic revolutions become a world of intellectual and cultural exchange? Give three examples.

1) Many believed politics could be improved through human thinking 2) The power of the aristocracy, like kings and the clergy, were challenged 3) Ideas were exchanged overseas through written works

What did the French take from American revolutions?

1) Republicanism 2) Male suffrage

Describe the Southern United States after emancipation.

1) Slaves worked as sharecroppers who earned little money and were often indebted to their planters 2) Harsh segregation laws 3) Racism and lynching

What are two previously common ideas about nations?

1) States didn't coincide with the culture of particular people 2) Rule by foreigners tarnished identities

After Britain lost their American colonies, what happened?

1) Took control of India 2) Started Opium Wars in China

How did feminism affect women?

1) Upper and middle-class women gained entrance to universities 2) Literacy rates shot up 3) Were allowed to manage property and wages 4) Some could divorce

What did Saint Domingue's (Haiti) social classes look like before revolution?

1) grand blancs (well-off whites) 2) petits blancs (poor whites) 3) couleur libres (free slaves or mixed-race) 4) slaves

Compared to the American Revolution, the French were more ______ and more similar to _______ and _______ revolutions because _______.

1) violent 2) Russian and Chinese 3) government silenced these upheavals by using force

When was the 7 years war?

1754-1763

When did slavery end?

1780-1890

Who was Simon Bolivar?

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of the Latin American revolutions where Spanish colonies revolted against Spanish rule.

What did John Locke argue?

A "social contract" between the king and the ruled should only last if he is keeping his society in check

What is Freetown?

A city in Sierra Leone where the British helped relocate slaves that were traded illegally

What is a conservative view?

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.

Why did the Third Estate form a National Assembly?

Because the commoners were under-represented, it provided a voice for a great percentage of the French

Who led the abolition movement?

Britain

What was the French women's club that advocated for female rights?

Cerce Social (Social Circle)

What are changes and continuities after the Americans broke free from British rule?

Change: 1) Slavery gradually abolished in northern states 2) Accelerated democratic tendencies in colonies Continuity: 1) Political authority remained in those who led the revolution 2) Women and slaves excluded from political participation

Which Enlightenment thinkers challenged women's rights?

Condorcet and Mary Wollstonecraft

What can Atlantic revolutions also be called?

Democratic revolutions (because its major goal was to extend political rights)

Describe Japan and China's thoughts about Europe.

Disliked and blocked them away from their cultures

What happened in the Woman's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton paraphrased the Declaration of Independence saying, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men AND WOMEN are created equal."

Where did feminism take shape?

Europe and North America

Why did Louis XVI (16th) call for the Estates General?

France was bankrupt by paying for wars and he raised taxes on peasants, but not the aristocracy.

What is the 7 years war also known as?

French and Indian War

How did Napoleon Bonaparte change France?

He suppressed French democracy and ruled by military dictatorship

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue. On Jan 1st, 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

What did nationalism cause in Europe?

Highly competitive nation states which scrambled for colonies in Asia and Africa

How does the Enlightenment reflect the Bill of Rights?

It limits government power in order to protect the rights of people

What did Enlightenment thinkers think about slavery?

It violated the natural rights of every person

Why is the Haitian Revolution so influential?

It was the first and only slave state that won independence and inspired Latin American Revolutions and three slave revolts that they could do the same

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

What are natural rights?

Life, liberty, and property

How were the lives of slave after emancipation?

Lives did not improve drastically

What kind of government was America before the mid-eighteenth century?

Local Autonomy (right for local governments to self-rule)

What was the French Terror of 1793-1794 and who participated in it?

Maximilian Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety guillotined people they believed were traitors of the French revolution

What is maternal feminism?

Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mother; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children

What are the different long-term results of the North and Latin American revolutions?

North America became a stable, democratic, and industrialized country meanwhile Latin America became unstable, undemocratic, and underdeveloped

What is a liberal?

Person who believes that government policies should change to alleviate existing problems

What is a radical view?

Person who takes extreme political positions

What is a moderate?

Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

What did grand and petits blancs disagree and agreed on

Poor whites wanted equality with rich whites, but agreed they were superior to blacks

How did the economy of West and East Africa look like after the disapproval of slavery?

Produced cash crops

Why was Latin America still divided after gaining independence?

Sharp divisions of class, race, and religion

What is the Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion?

Socially radical peasant insurrection (uprising) that began in Mexico in 1810 and was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos.

Why was the French Revolution so violent? Give two examples

Societal conflicts and common distrust of the king 1) Second Estate: aristocratic privileges 2) Third Estate: bread prices rising The Terror 1) Use of guillotine

Why did the American Revolution happen?

The Americans resisted the taxes and tariffs the British imposed to help pay the costs of the 7 years war.

Why did the French Revolution happen?

The French monarchy sought new revenue from landowners.

How did European transformations encourage nationalism?

The Scientific Revolution weakened religion for some so thinkers thought rationally about subjects

What is nationalism?

The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture or language, territory, and common experience, which merits an independent political life and not simply common subjects of a ruling dynasty

Why did the Haitians revolt?

They heard a rumor French slaves were freed and wanted in on it

How did mother countries instill their culture into their colonies?

Through school, mass media, public rituals, and military service (ex. Russia imposed Russian in regions that didn't speak it)

How did society in Haiti change after the Haitian Revolution?

Whites and mixed-race were no longer allowed in Haiti and everyone was defined as black

What is the Vindication of the Rights of Woman and who wrote it?

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, this text was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness