Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System
The right atrioventricular valve is also known as the
Tricuspid valve
The lower chambers of the heart are called the
Ventricles
The largest artery in the body and main artery in the left ventricle
Aorta
Second most common heart defect in dogs; occurs when the area of the valve is narrowed causing blood to flow quickly through the valve producing a systolic heart murmur
Aortic Stenosis
The valve preventing blood from re-entering the left ventricle is the
Aortic Valve
The semilunar valves are the
Aortic and Pulmonary
Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle
Aortic valve
What is the name for the caudal, pointed end of the heart, which contains the left ventricle?
Apex
A small artery is called an
Arteriole
Any vessel that carries blood away from the heart is called an
Artery
You are viewing a blood vessel under the microscope. You see 3 distinct layers, one of which is a thick muscular layer. The layers are seperated by the extensive elastic tissue. Thie vessel is most likely a(n)
Artery
Brings blood from the areas cranial to the heart
Cranial Vena Cava
What is the general name for the flap of connective tissue that makes up a heart valve?
Cusp
Heart pumps blood day and night through the vascular system to:
Deliver O2, nutrients, hormones, inflammatory cells, antibodies, and remove waste products.
Veins collect what type of blood from the tissues
Deoxygenated
Process of generating electrical impulse from the SA node; results from movement of cations into SA node cells
Depolarization
What is the opening called that is present between the right and left atria in a fetus?
Foramen Ovale
3 bypasses in fetal cirulation
Foramen Ovale, Ductus Venosus, and Ductus Arteriosis
If valve doesn't close properly, blood leaks back during systole and causes a
Heart Murmur
Frequency of heart contractions
Heart Rate
Veins in the hind limbs merge into right and left _____ veins
Iliac
Veins that carry blood to the caudal vena cava
Iliac Veins
The two upper chambers of the heart are seperated by the
Interatrial septum
Borders of the ventricles are seperated by the
Interventricular sulci
Which side of the heart pumps blood over longer distances than the other side
Left
The heart chamber that receives blood from the lungs is the
Left Atrium
The left ventricle receives blood from the
Left Atrium
Ejects oxygentated blood into systemic circulation; very thick wall
Left Ventricle
Long and narrow, thick walled, terminates at apex of the heart
Left Ventricle
The part of the heart capable of generating the largest force is the
Left ventricle
Tissue present in the right ventricle; orginates at the interventricular septum
Moderator Band
Intercalated disks are found in the heart wall layer called the
Myocardium
The thick muscular layer of the heart wall is the
Myocardium
Two layers of the pericardium
Outer fivrous and Inner Serous
Wave - depolarization of the atria
P wave
Prevents the valve leaflets from prolapsing back into the atrium when the ventricles contract
Papillary Muscles
Input causes vasodilation and decreased blood pressure
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Two layers of the inner serous pericardium
Parietal and Visceral (Epicardium)
Outer-layer of the heart
Pericardium
Main artery in the right ventricle
Pulmonary
Which valve is at the exit of the right ventricle?
Pulmonary
Delivers oxygenated blood to the lungs; only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Arteries
The right side of the heart pumps blood through
Pulmonary Circulation
Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart; only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood
Pulmonary Veins
What valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary valve
Three circulatory systems
Pulmonary, Systemic, and Coronary
Fibers that carry impulses from the bundle of his up into the ventricular myocardium
Purkinje Fibers
Waves created by ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
Less pressure to fill the heart, decreased stroke volume
Reduced Blood Pressure
Cations are pumped out of the cell; results in the outside of the cell having a more positive charge than the inside of the cell
Repolarization
Blood passes through tricuspid valve into which chamber of the heart?
Right Ventricle
Broader surface area; wraps around left ventricle
Right Ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation where it will pick up O2.
Right Ventricle
The aortic and pulmonary valves are collectively known as which valves?
Semilunar
Valve that is present between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; purpose is to prevent blood from flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Generates electrical impulses that trigger repeated beating of the heart; specialized area of cardiac muscle located in R atrium
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Increased filling of the heart results in increased force of cardiac contraction and increased stroke volume
Starlings Law
Amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction
Stroke Volume
What type of arteries branch off the aorta and travel toward the thoracic limbs
Subclavian arteries
Input to the arterioles causes vasocontriction and an increase in blood pressure
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is it called when the heart chamber contracts?
Systole
Wave- repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
How many cusps does the mitral valve have?
2
How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?
3
Aorta is divided into 3 major sections which are
Ascending aorta, Aortic Arch, and the Descending aorta
Receives deoxygentated blood from the cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava, and the coronary sinus
Atrium
The vena cava empty into which chamber of the heart?
Atrium
Largest and most visible parts of the atria
Auricles
What is the name for the wide cranial end of the heart? This is the area where the arteries and veins enter and exit.
Base
Veins in the forelegs merge into larger and larger vessels to form right and left ________ veins
Brachycephalic
Type of vein that carries blood to the cranial vena cava then back to the heart
Brachycephalic veins
The blood vessels with the thinnest walls are the
Capillaries
The microscopic vessels that allow for exchanges between the blood and body cells are the
Capillaries
What arteries branch of one of both subclavian arteries?
Carotid arteries
Brings blood from the areas caudal to the heart
Caudal Vena Cava
Threads that attach the valve flaps to the ventricle walls are called
Chordae Tendinae
Function of coronary sinus
Collects blood from the myocardium
Malfuntion of the mitral valve is the most common cause of
Congestive Heart Failure
The blood supply to the myocardium is called the ____ circulation
Coronary
The first vessels that branch off the aorta are the
Coronary Arteries
A dilated vein that returns blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium is the
Coronary sinus
What is it called when the heart chamber relaxes?
Diastole
Connection between the proximal portion of the left pulmonary artery and the descending aorta (in fetus)
Ductus Arteriosus
The outermost later of the heart wall is called the
Epicardium
Which two strcutures divides the heart into left and right sides?
The interatrial and interventricular septum