Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration
NAD+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) a coenzyme of oxidation reduction sometimes called a redox coenzyme; when a metabolite is oxidized, this accepts two electrons, plus a hydrogen ion and ---H results
acetyl CoA
Molecule made up of a 2-carbon acetyl group attatched to coenzyme A. During cellular respiration, this group enters the citric acid cycle for further breakdown.
Citric acid cycle
This is a cyclical series of oxidation reactions in the matrix of the mitochondria that results in NADH and FADH2; Carbon dioxide is given off and 1 ATP is produced; this turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA molecules enter the cycle per glucose molecule (also called the Krebs Cycle)
electron transport chain
This is a series of carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts the electrons removed from the glucose and pass them along from one carrier to the next until they are finally received by O2, which combines with hydrogen ions and becomes water.
Cellular respiration
a cellular process that require oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide; involves the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water
FAD
a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that is sometimes used instead of NAD+; accepts 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions to become ---H2
Pyruvate
a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration; end product of glycolosis
chemiosmosis
ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation
oxygen debt
amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid produced anaerobically during strenuous muscle activity
fermentation
anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of 2 ATP and end products such as alchohol and lactate
cytochrome
any of several iron-containing protein molecules that serve as electron carriers in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
glycolosis
during this, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of two molecules of pyruvate; the breakdown of glucose to two pyruvate molecules
Prep reaction
during this, pyruvate enters a mitochondria and is oxidized to a two-carbon acetyl group carried by CoA; NADH is formed; the waste product, carbon dioxide, is removed; occurs 2x per glucose molecule
alcoholic fermentation
fermentation that produces ethanol and CO2 from sugars
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
formula of cellular respiration
anaerobic
glycolosis is this, because it does not require the presence of oxygen
anabolism
metabolic process by which larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones
catabolism
metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
metabolic pool
metabolites that are the products of and/or the substrates for key reactions in cells, allowing one type of molecule to be changed into another type, such as carbohydrates converted to fats.
oxidative phosphorylation
process by which ATP production is tied to an electron transport system that uses oxygen as the final acceptor; occurs in the mitochondria
deamination
removal of an amino group from an amoni acid or any other organic compound
lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
glucose and carbon dioxide
two parts of cellular respiration that are oxidized
oxygen and water
two parts of cellular respiration that are reduced