Chapter 8-Forces in Nature

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inertia

a body's tendency to maintain its velocity

kinematics

a branch of the science of mechanics which seeks merely to describe motion

dynamics

a branch of the science of mechanics which seeks to describe motion by describing its causes

force

a push or a pull

friction

acts against every object in motion in the opposite direction to slow it down

neutral equilibrium

an object in this state can be overturned without changing the height of its center gravity

stable equilibrium

an object in this state is not easily tipped over

unstable equilibrium

an object in this state is upset at the slightest disturbance

static equilibrium

an object that remains at rest within earth's gravitational field

instability

an unsupported center of gravity and the point where the force of gravity is effectively applied would be free to move downward, in the direction of the applied force.

Ptolemy

conceived the idea of the geocentric model solar system

geocentric

earth centered

universal law of gravitation

law that states that every object in the universe was attracted to every other object with a force (gravity) that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them.

Copernicus

proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system

gravity

refers to the attractive force exerted by a planet, a star, or other celestial body upon objects near their surfaces

gravitation

refers to the attractive force that exists between any two masses

center of gravity (CG)

represents the combined effect of gravity on all of the particles in an object

kinetic friction

resistance to sliding

static friction

resistance to start sliding

heliocentric

sun centered

mass

the amount of matter in an object

perihelion

the closest position to the sun in the planet's orbit

aphelion

the farthest position from the sun in the planet's orbit

gravitational field

the field of attractive force caused by gravity near a large mass

weight

the force exerted on an object's mass by the earth's gravity

normal force

the force of the surface against weight of the object and always acts perpendicular to the surface

weak force

the fundamental force is responsible for certain particle interactions in the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei

electromagnetic force

the fundamental force that exists only between electrically charged bodies

law of areas (Kepler's second law of planetary motion)

the law that states that the line joining the planet to the sun traces out equal areas in equal times

law of orbits (Kepler's first law of planetary motion)

the law that states that the orbit of the planet is elliptical

law of periods (Kepler's third law of planetary motion)

the law that states that, for any planet, the square of the period of revolution is proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun

inertial mass

the object's mass when measured at rest

center of mass

the point in an object that describes the combined effect of all the individual particles of mass

strong force

the strongest of the fundamental forces, and holds the nucleus of an atom together

period

the time required to complete one orbit about the sun

gravitational force

the weakest of all fundamental forces, exists between any two bodies of matter


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