Chapter 8: Human Development
a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following? Multiple choice question. part of the preoperational stage the ability to use logical reasoning and classification skills a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes the ability to problem solve using hypothetical-deductive reasoning
2 to 7 years
According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur? Multiple choice question. birth to 2 years 12 years through adulthood 2 to 7 years 7 to 12 years
sensory; physical
According to Piaget, the infant in the sensorimotor stage constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions. Multiple choice question. sensory; physical cognitive; behavioral
formal operational
During what stage of cognitive development is the mastery of logical and abstract thinking of paramount concern? Multiple choice question. formal operational sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational
contact comfort a preference for warmth and nestling
Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated which of the following? Multiple select question. contact comfort the importance of proper nutrition in infant development a preference for warmth and nestling the concept of temperament
Through the principle of reversibility
In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory? Multiple choice question. Through hypothetical-deductive reasoning Through an evaluation of object permanence Through the principle of reversibility
cognitive development
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience? Multiple choice question. socioemotional development physical development behavioral development cognitive development
operations
When Piaget referred to , _____ he meant mental representations that are reversible.
concrete operational
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 11 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the ability to classify, divide, and consider the interrelation of things? Multiple choice question. concrete operational nonoperational formal operational preoperational
sensorimotor
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years of age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols? Multiple choice question. preoperational formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor
temperament
____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
nurture
refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
cognition
to the operation of thinking and also to our cognitive skills and abilities
resilience.
A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as Multiple choice question. phenotype. resilience. nurture. temperament.
longitudinal
A psychologist has designed a research study in which the attitudes of a group of participants are assessed at various points throughout their lives. This is most likely a(n) __________ research study.
intuitive thought
Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as Multiple choice question. conservation. a schema. intuitive thought hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
nurture
In developmental psychology, the term ________ refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences.
schema
is a mental concept or framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it.
conservation
According to Piaget, ________ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.
using the preferential looking technique.
Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. She shows infants cards with shapes in different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as Multiple choice question. longitudinal. a technique developed by Piaget to test object permanence. using the preferential looking technique. cross-sectional.
preferential looking
Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique. Multiple choice question. object permanence preferential looking conservation habituation
qualitatively different from
Each of Piaget's cognitive development stages involves a way of making sense of the world that is _____ the way before it. Multiple choice question. qualitatively the same as qualitatively different from quantitatively different from quantitatively the same as
cross-sectional
In ______ designs, a number of people are assessed at one point in time. Multiple choice question. qualitative cross-sectional quantitative batch
intuitive thought.
Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development are often quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this Multiple choice question. intuitive thought. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. object permanence. conservation.
schema
According to Piaget, a(n) _____ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
11 years through adulthood
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant? Multiple choice question. 7 to 11 years 11 years through adulthood 2 to 7 years from birth to 2 years
formal operational
According to Piaget, when someone begins thinking about thinking, they have reached which stage of development? Multiple choice question. concrete operational industry versus inferiority formal operational conventional level
throughout life.
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs Multiple choice question. only through growth. during childhood. genetically. throughout life.
cross-sectional
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asks people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. longitudinal preferential cross-sectional preoperational
self-regulation inhibition negative affectivity effortful control
Some researchers of temperament have proposed that we should think about infants as being high or low on different dimensions. Which of the following are these dimensions? Multiple select question. self-regulation working memory inhibition negative affectivity effortful control sharing behavior
active, constructive thinkers.
We owe Piaget for the currently accepted view that children are Multiple choice question. born with domain-specific knowledge systems. active, constructive thinkers. genetically prewired for cognitive abilities. products of the culture in which they are raised.
physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
What are the three domains of development? Multiple choice question. physical, cognitive, and gendered cognitive, psychological, and socioemotional physical, cognitive, and socioemotional physical, psychological, and emotional
egocentrism
Jayla, a toddler, is reading a book and sees an interesting picture. "Look, Mommy," she shouts, "a horse." She does not show the picture to her mother but assumes that her mother is able to see it as she does. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts? Multiple choice question. intuitive thinking habituation conservation egocentrism
grasped the idea of object permanence
Leilani, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following? Multiple choice question. grasped the concept of conservation grasped the idea of object permanence moved into the concrete operational stage developed the capacity for abstract thought
preferential looking
a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at
mental representations that are reversible
Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by operations? Multiple choice question. mental representations that are not reversible physical procedures that are not reversible mental representations that are reversible physical procedures that are reversible
the difficult child: fussy and hard to soothe, not easily put on a routine the slow-to-warm-up child: hesitant in the face of new experiences the easy child: adaptable
Chess and Thomas (1977) identify three basic types or clusters of temperament (an individual's characteristic way of responding). What are these three? Multiple select question. the conventional child: abides by standards learned from parents the difficult child: fussy and hard to soothe, not easily put on a routine the slow-to-warm-up child: hesitant in the face of new experiences the easy child: adaptable
cross-sectional
In Blank______ designs, a number of people are assessed at one point in time. Multiple choice question. quantitative batch cross-sectional qualitative
operations in Piaget's preoperational stage
Khaled, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin, snake shape. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts, in which of Piaget's stages? Multiple choice question. conservation in Piaget's concrete operational stage operations in Piaget's preoperational stage operations in Piaget's concrete operational stage object permanence in Piaget's sensorimotor stage
True
Most infants show a secure attachment style. .True False
cognitive socioemotional physical
Select the three domains of development. Multiple select question. cognitive socioemotional physical psychosocial
attachment
Some developmental psychology researchers use the term "infant " ___________ to describe the initial important connection to a caregiver that provides a foundation for later development.
self-regulation
Some researchers of temperament believe that we should think about infants as being high or low on different dimensions, such as effortful control or ________ - ________ (controlling arousal and not being easily agitated).
assimilation.
Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called Multiple choice question. object permanence. habituation. assimilation. accommodation.
assimilation
Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knew, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of Multiple choice question. accommodation. egocentrism. assimilation. conservation.
the importance of a mother providing warmth
What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate? Multiple choice question. the superiority of the authoritarian style provision of milk as the only necessity for creating attachment the critical role of fathers the importance of a mother providing warmth
a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
What do psychologists mean when they talk about resilience? Multiple choice question. the interaction of nature and nurture in shaping development the degree to which a given behavioral trait is inherited changes in the brain that occur during adolescence a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
to evaluate attachment style
What is the purpose of the Ainsworth strange situation test? Multiple choice question. to evaluate attachment style to determine environmental influences to determine genetic influences to establish temperament style
conservation egocentrism schemas
Which of the following are Piagetian concepts of cognitive development? Multiple select question. scaffolding conservation egocentrism schemas core knowledge
Family history of hair loss Eye color
Which of the following are examples of "nature" influences? Multiple select question. Family history of hair loss Eye color Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood
peer pressure nutrition in early childhood
Which of the following are examples of "nurture" influences? Multiple select question. peer pressure nutrition in early childhood eye color family history of hair loss
solving problems being able to speak and understand words imagining a future occupation
Which of the following are examples of cognition? Multiple select question. solving problems being able to speak and understand words hormonal changes during puberty imagining a future occupation
the close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver
Which of the following best defines attachment? Multiple choice question. the first stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development the close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding the second stage in Erikson's eight stages of human development
Elnora, who uses her mother as a secure base to explore the environment
Which of the following describes a child who demonstrates secure attachment in the strange situation test? Multiple choice question. Dawn, who rages at her mother when she returns Elnora, who uses her mother as a secure base to explore the environment Shawnee, who responds with great distress when his mother has left Jose, who does not even notice that his mother has gone
Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures.
Which of the following examples describes egocentric thought in Piaget's preoperational stage? Multiple choice question. A toddler who is described as a "slow-to-warm-up" child has a low activity level and is not very adaptive. Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures. Three-year-old Ali is very self-centered and arrogant. Three-year old Hank loudly points out a man's bad breath because he does not realize his statement will cause embarrassment to the man.
A child calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. A child calls all liquids "milk" but over time learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.
Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? Multiple select question. A child sees a soup bowl, and after it is identified as such by a caregiver the child incorporates it into the "bowl schema." A child calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. A child calls all liquids "milk" but over time learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.
a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years
Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research? Multiple choice question. a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years a study that simultaneously collects data from a group of 5-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 25-year-olds a study that follows a group of 5-year-olds and a group of 15-year-olds over the course of 10 years
biological inheritance
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the influence of nature versus nurture? Multiple choice question. biological inheritance schooling family dynamics neighborhood quality
Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning.
Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning. Understanding of conservation is not yet apparent. It is generally egocentric.
temperament
Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding? Multiple choice question. attachment parenting style socioemotional style temperament
A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information.
Which of the following statements are true with respect to Piaget's theory of schemas? Multiple select question. A schema assists us in making sense of experience. Schemas can be utilized only once someone develops wisdom. A schema renders us unable to distinguish between our own perspective and someone else's perspective. A schema organizes information.
Development
______ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life. Multiple choice question. Development Evolution Adaptation Inheritance
strange situation
Mary Ainsworth's __________ _________ test studies children's degree of attachment to their caregiver.
object permanence.
You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, they only look in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to be lacking a mastery of Multiple choice question. object permanence. conservation. the zone of proximal development. egocentrism.
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
accommodation
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information? Multiple choice question. assimilation acclimation accommodation abbreviation
Shanelle is securely attached.
Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. According to Ainsworth, this means that Multiple choice question. Shanelle is securely attached. Shanelle is insecurely attached. Shanelle's parents utilize an authoritative parenting style. Shanelle is in the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage of development.
Children in this stage make judgments based on gut feelings rather than logic. At this stage, children have difficulty understanding the concept of reversible operations.
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that Elliott is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? Multiple select question. Children in this stage make judgments based on gut feelings rather than logic. An important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets. In this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences. At this stage, children have difficulty understanding the concept of reversible operations.
easy/difficult
Jaime works in a daycare setting where they can observe different types of infant temperament. In her psychology class right now, the topic is temperament according to Chess and Thomas. Jaime cares for Samir, who is always in a positive mood and quickly establishes regular routines. She also cares for Isaac, who cries a lot, doesn't take to new routines, and is slow to adapt. Jaime thinks that Samir is a(n) _______ child and Isaac is a(n) ________ child.
