Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System
pivot joint (trochoid joint)
- a cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament - allows only rotation around a central axis - movement: rotation (uniaxial) - example: joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna; neck as the head turns from side to side
lateral flexion
- abduction of the head and neck and bending of the trunk to the side
joint functions
- are known as articulations - functional junctions between bones - bind parts of skeletal system together - make bone growth possible - permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth - enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction - 3 classifications
cartilaginous joints
- articulating bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage - no space present - two types: 1) synchondrosis 2) symphysis
synovial joint
- articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule - articular bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid - diarthrotic, allowing free movement 1) ball-and-socket joint 2) condylar joint 3) plane joints 4) hinge joint 5) pivot joint 6) saddle joint
synovial joints
- articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule; articular bones ends covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid - freely movable joints; diarthrotic
plane joint (gliding joint)
- articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved - these joints permit the articular surfaces to slide back and forth -movement: sliding or twisting (nonaxial movement) -example: joints between various bones of wrist and ankle; sacroiliac joints and joints formed by rib 2-7 connecting with the sternum
articular cartilage
- covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints - resists wear and minimizes friction when it is compressed as the joint moves
flexion
- decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together - ex: bending the knee
hyperextension
- extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position - often used to describe an abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury
suture
- flat bones united by sutural ligament - where flat bones are united by a thin layer of connective tissue and are interlocked by a set of bony processes - movement: NONE & are therefore synarthrotic joints - example: parietal bones articulate at sagittal suture of skull
symphysis
- found where articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage - movement: limited movement, as when the back is bent or twisted - example: joints between bodies of vertebrae separated and connected by an intervertebral disc - amphiarthrotic joints because they allow slight movement
synarthrotic
- functionally classified as immovable joints - joints with a very tight union that allow no movement
amphiarthrotic
- functionally classified as joints that permit slight movement
joint capsule
- has two distinct layers - holds together the bones of a synovial joint - outer layer largely consists of dense connective tissue, whose fibers are continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones - outer layer completely encloses the other parts of the joint - inside of capsule & joint cavity lined by synovial membrane except at the articular surfaces - is flexible enough to permit movement and strong enough to help prevent the bones from being pulled apart
cruciate ligaments
- help prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces - strong bands of fibrous tissue that stretch upward and cross between the tibia and the femur
a. lateral condyle of femur b. medial condyle of femur c. anterior cruciate ligament d. posterior cruciate ligament e. fibular collateral ligament f. tibial collateral ligament
- identify the parts of the pictured joint
extension
- increases the angle of a joint and the parts move farther apart - ex: straightening the knee
patellar ligament
- is a continuation of a tendon from a large muscle group in the thigh (quadriceps femoris) - it consists of a strong, flat band that extends from the margin of the patella to the tibial tuberosity
lifespan changes
- joint stiffness - development of arthritis - fibrous joints change 1st; can strengthen - cartilage in synchondroses stiffens - ligaments loose elasticity - symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility & decrease height - synovial joints lose function as capillary supply diminishes - disuse hampers the nutrient supply to joints - activity & exercise can keep joints functional longer
plane, synovial
- joint: acromioclavicular - location: scapula and clavicle - movement: sliding movement, rotation - diarthrotic
hinge, synovial
- joint: ankle (talocrural) - location: talus, tibia, fibula - movement: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, slight circumduction - diarthrotic
pivot, synovial
- joint: atlantoaxial - location: atlas, axis - movement: rotation - diarthrotic
condylar, snyovil
- joint: atlantooccipital - location: atlas, occipital bone - movement: flexion, extension - diarthrotic
saddle, synovial
- joint: carpometacarpal - location: carpal and metacarpal 1 (thumb) - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction - diarthrotic
condylar, synovial
- joint: carpometacarpal - location: carpals and metacarpals 2-5 - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction - diarthrotic
pivot, synovial
- joint: distal radioulnar - location: radius and ulna - movement: pronation, supination - diarthrotic
syndesmosis, fibrous
- joint: distal tibiofibular - location: tibia and fibula - movement: slight rotation during dorsiflexion - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: elbow (humeroradial) - location: humerus and radius - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic
hing, synovial
- joint: elbow (humeroulnar) - location: humerus and ulna - movement: flexion, extension - diarthrotic
ball and socket, synovial
- joint: hip - location: hip and femur - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: intercarpal - location: adjacent carpals - movement: sliding, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension at the midcarpal joints - diarthrotic
hinge, synovial
- joint: interphalangeal - location: adjacent phalanges - movement: flexion, extension - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: intertarsal - location: adjacent tarsals - movement: sliding movement, inversion, eversion - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: intervertebral - location: between vertebral arches - movement: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column - diarthrotic
symphysis, cartilaginous
- joint: intervertebral - location: between vertebral bodies - movement: slight movement - amphiarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: knee (fermorpatellar) - location: femur and patella - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic
modified hinge, synovial
- joint: knee (tibiofemoral) - location: femur and tibia - movement: flexion, extension, slight rotation when flexed - diarthrotic
condylar, synovial
- joint: metacarpophalangeal - location: metacarpal and proximal phalanx - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction - diarthrotic
ball and socket, synovial
- joint: shoulder (glenohumeral) - location: humerus and scapula - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction - diarthrotic
suture, fibrous
- joint: skull - location: cranial and facial bones - movement: immovable - synarthrotic
synchondrosis, cartilaginous
- joint: sternocostal - location: sternum and rib 1 - movement: immovable - synarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: tarsometatarsal - location: tarsals and metatarsal - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: vertebrocostal - location: vertebrae and ribs - movement: sliding movement during breathing - diarthrotic
condylar, synovial
- joint: wrist (radiocarpal) - location: radius and carpals - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction - diarthrotic
diarthrotic
- joints functionally classified as freely movable joint - allow a large range of movement
depression
- lowering a body part - ex: drooping the shoulders
synovial fluid
- moistens and lubricates the smooth cartilaginous surfaces of the joint - provides nutrients to articular cartilage obtained from blood vessels of the synovial membrane - contains stem cells, which may function in ligament regeneration following injury
adduction
- movement toward the midline of the body or toward the axial line of the limb - ex: returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body - ex: moving the fingers or toes closer together
abduction
- moving a body part away from the midline or from the axial line of the limb - ex: lifting the upper limb horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body - ex: spreading the fingers or toes
rotation
- moving a part around an axis - ex: twisting the head from side to side
retraction
- moving a part backward - ex: pulling the head backward
protraction
- moving a part forward - ex: thrusting the head forward
circumduction
- moving a part so that its end follows a circular path - moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand
Synchondrosis
- occurs where bones are bound by hyaline cartilage that may disappear as a result of bone growth - movement: NONE and therefore are synarthrotic - example: joint between the first rib and the manubrium & epiphyseal plate (temporary)
elevation
- raising a body part - ex: shrugging the shoulder
joint
- structures that connect bones - types 1) fibrous joints 2) cartilaginous joints 3) synovial joints - grouped functionally according to the degree of movement possible at the bony junctions
hinge joint
- the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone -movement: flexion and extension (uniaxial) -example: elbow and interphalangeal joints
synovial membrane
- the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint capsule. - only a few cells thick - covers all of the surfaces within the joint capsule, except the areas the articular cartilage covers - surrounds a closed sac called synovial cavity - may also store adipose tissue and form movable fatty pads in the joint - reabsorbs fluid, which is important when a joint cavity is injured or infected
lateral (external) rotation
- turning a limb on its longitudinal axis so its anterior moves away from the midline
medial (internal) rotation
- turning of a limb on its longitudinal axis so its anterior surface moves toward the midline
inversion
- turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
synovial joints based on type of movement
- uni-axial: hinge, pivot or trochoid - bi-axial: saddle or sellar, condylar or ellipsoidal - multi-axial: ball & socket, gliding or plane
condylar joint (ellipsoidal joint)
-an oval condyle of one bone fitting into an elliptical cavity of another bone -movement: variety of movements in two planes (biaxial) back-and-forth and side-to-side, but no rotation -example: joints between metacarpals and phalanges; radiocarpal joint
structure of synovial joints
1) articular cartilage 2) joint capsule strengthened by ligaments 3) synovial membrane 4) synovial fluid 5) menisci 6) fluid-filled bursae
saddle joint (sellar joint)
- articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions - surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another - movement: variety of movements, mainly in two planes (biaxial) - example: joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
ball and socket joint
- ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped socket of another - the globular head of a bone fits into the cup-shaped cavity of another bone -movement: movements in all planes (multiaxial), including rotation -example: shoulder, hip
syndesmosis
- bones bound by long connective tissue fibers - bound by interosseous ligament - movements: joint flexible and may be twisted so permits slight movement - amphiarthrotic - example: tibiofibular articulation
joint ligaments
- bundles of strong, tough collagen fibers - reinforce the joint capsule and help bind the articular ends of the bones - help prevent excessive movement at the joint
gomphosis
- cone-shaped process fastened in bony socket by periodontal ligament - formed by the union of cone-shaped bony process with a bony socket - movement: NONE & are therefore synarthrotic joints - example: root of tooth united with mandible
oblique popliteal ligament
- connects the lateral condyle of the femur to the margin of the head of the tibia
menisci
- divide some synovial joints into compartments - discs of fibrocartilage - located between the articular surfaces - attaches to the fibrous layer of the joint capsule peripherally, and its free surface projects into the joint cavity
condylar, synovial
- joint: metatarsophalangeal - location: metatarsal and proximal phalanx - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction - diarthrotic
pivot, synovial
- joint: proximal radioulnar - location: radius and ulna - movement: rotation - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: proximal tibiofibular - location: tibia and fibula - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic
symphysis, cartilaginous
- joint: pubic symphysis - location: pubic bones - movement: slight movement - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: sacroiliac - location: sacrum and ilium - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: sternoclavicular - location: sternum and clavicle - movement: sliding movement when shrugging shoulders - diarthrotic
plane, synovial
- joint: sternocostal - location: sternum and ribs 2-7 - sliding movement during breathing - diarthrotic
modified hing, synovial
- joint: tempromandibular - location: temporal bone, mandible - movement: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, lateral movement - diarthrotic
bursae
- most are located between the skin and underlying bony prominences - has an inner lining of synovial membrane & may be continuous with the synovial membrane of nearby joint cavity - contain synovial fluid - cushion and aid the movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or over other tendons
plantar flexion
- movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin - ex: walking on one's toes
dorsiflexion
- movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle - ex: rocking back on one's heels
pronation
- rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward (prone refers to lying face down)
supination
- rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward (supine refers to lying face up)
fibrous joints
- tightly fastened to each other by a layer of dense connective tissue with many collagen fibers - no space between the two bones & abundant collagen fibers provide a tough connection that allows little or no movement - between bones in close contact - types: 1) syndesmosis 2) suture 3) gomphosis
eversion
- turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
plantar flexion
Standing on one's toes is an example of _______ of the foot.
blood vessels in the joint capsule
The articular cartilage in synovial joints is nourished by
hinge
The elbow and phalanges contain ________ joints
plane
The femoropatellar joint between the femur and the kneecap is an example of _____________ joint.
ball-and-socket
The shoulder is an example of a _______ joint
rotation
Turning a doorknob is an example of _______
- fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial
What 3 classifications are used when joints are classified by the type of tissue that holds the bone ends together?
synovial
Which of the following joints are the most complex? a. syndesmosis b. pubic symphysis c. amphiarthrosis d. synovial
false
Turning the sole of the foot inward is an example of eversion
muscles and tendons
What is the main factor that holds the arm to the trunk?
syndesmosis
What specific joint type is depicted in the figure?
symphysis
What type of joint is between the bodies of the vertebrae?
fibrous
What type of joint is the sagittal suture?
hyaline cartilage
What type of structure(s) holds together bones within a synchondrosis?
extended
When one is standing erect, most of the joints are in the __________ position
supine
When standing in the anatomical position, the hands are considered to be in a ______ position
joint formed by two vertebrae and their intervertebral disc
Where in the body would it be possible to find a joint called a symphysis?
thumb base
Where is a saddle joint found?
acetabulum and femur
Where would the ligamentum capitis be found?
is also present in fibrous joints besides synovial joints
Which is untrue of synovial fluid a. it lubricates the joint b. transmits nutrients and gases to the articular cartilage by diffusion c. is produced by the synovial membrane d. is also present in fibrous joints besides synovial joints
saddle
Which of the following has the greatest range of motion? a. gliding b. pivot c. spheroidal d. saddle
Tooth-Alveolus
Which of the following is an example of a gomphosis? a. humerus-ulna b. femur-innominate c. tooth-alveolus d. mandible-temporal
shoulder
Which of the following is probably the easiest to dislocate: a. knee b. wrist c. elbow d. shoulder
saddle
Which of the following is the type of joint located between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb? a. pivot b. ginglymoidal c. saddle d. trochoidal
acetabulum and femur
Which of the following joints displays the greatest range of motion allowable? a. sacroiliac b. costal cartilage c. acetabulum and femur d. interphalangeal
pivot
Which type of joint occurs at the radial notch of the ulna and the head of the radius?
capitulim and head of radius
Within the elbow joint, a plane joint occurs between the _________ and the _____________.
arcuate popliteal ligament
appears as a Y-shaped system of fibers that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament)
consists of a strong, round cord located between the lateral condyle of the femur and the head of the fibula
Joint Movements
include: 1) flexion 2) extension 3) dorsiflexion 4) plantar flexion 5) abduction 6) adduction 7) rotation 8) circumduction 9) supination 10) pronation 11) eversion 12) inversion 13) protraction 14) retraction 15) elevation 16) depression
tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament)
is a broad, flat band of tissue that connects the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
Amphiarthrotic
joints that have some limited degree of movement are called____
true
A pivot joint occurs at the junction between the atlas and dens of the axis
Perichondrium
All of these components of synovial joints except a. capsule b. perichondrium c. articular cartilage d. synovial membrane e. joint cavity with fluid
ankylosis
An ______is a condition of abnormal stiffness or fusion of bones at a joint
true
Arthroscopy is a procedure whereby an instrument using fiber optics is inserted into a joint capsule
ligaments
At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ______________ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.
hyperextension
Bending the head to observe an airplane will probably cause _______ of the neck.
elevation
Closing the jaw is an example of ______ movement
true
Condyloid joints such as the metacarpal to phalange are also named ellipsoidal because of the shape of the socket
- ankle - chin
Dorsiflexion is a movement of the ______________ that brings the foot closer to the ______________.
false
Flexing the shoulder is the same action as extending the arm
to absorb shocks and help protect the joint
In a synovial joint, the purpose of the cancellous bone beneath the articular cartilage is _________________
syndesmosis
In which type of joint does a slightly flexible interosseous ligament bind the bones?
a. fibrous capsule b. synovial membrane c. articular cartilage
Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint.
synoval and diarthrotic
Most joints in the human body are
menisci
Some synovial joints, such as the knee, contain interior pads of fibrocartilage, called ______________, that help to stabilize the joint
hyaline cartilage
The articular cartilage of synovial joints are composed of
carpals
The articular processes of the vertebrae and _______ contain gliding joints
circumduction
The best movement that describes throwing a baseball is probably _______ of the arm
fibrous
The bone ends within a ___________ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.
synovial membranes
The bursae resemble _______ in structure and are found around certain joints.
bursitis
The condition called _______ involves inflammation of a fluid filled sac outside of a joint
true
The connection between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a young bone can be considered a synchondrosis
condyloid
The joint between the phalanges and metacarpals is a _______ joint
hinge
The joint between the troclea and trochlear notch is a _____________ joint.
cruciate
The ligaments that form a cross at the knee are called _________
adduction
The movement called _____ will move an appendage towards the midline of the body.
flexion
The movement hat decreases the angle between two bones is called _________
suture
The parietal and temporal bones are joined by a ___________
false
The purpose of synovial fluid is to provide for firmness and stability in an amphiarthrotic joint
shoulder
The rotator cuff is a special arrangement of tissues found in the ________
- rotation - adduction & abduction - flexion & extension - circumduction
The shoulder can undergo what four movements?
Syndesmosis
The special joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula is called a __________
articular cartilage
The strongest and most inflexible part of a synovial joint is the _________
luxation
The term _______ refers to dislocation of a joint
synovial membrane
The term ________ is used to describe the extra synovial-type membrane outside the knee joint
hydrarthrosis
The term, which means the presence of fluid in a joint, is __________________
symphysis
The two pubic bones are held together on the anterior surface by a ________ joint.
false
The vertebral bodies are joined by a diarthrotic joint
rotation
Movement of a body part around its axis, such as turning the head to look over the shoulder, is called ___________.
abduction
Moving the right eye towards the right is an example of
protraction
Moving the shoulder forward in a straight plane direction is an example of ______
true
Surgical procedures called arthroplasty are performed to replace parts of the hip