Chapter 8 - Joints of the Skeletal System

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pivot joint (trochoid joint)

- a cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament - allows only rotation around a central axis - movement: rotation (uniaxial) - example: joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna; neck as the head turns from side to side

lateral flexion

- abduction of the head and neck and bending of the trunk to the side

joint functions

- are known as articulations - functional junctions between bones - bind parts of skeletal system together - make bone growth possible - permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth - enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction - 3 classifications

cartilaginous joints

- articulating bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage - no space present - two types: 1) synchondrosis 2) symphysis

synovial joint

- articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule - articular bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid - diarthrotic, allowing free movement 1) ball-and-socket joint 2) condylar joint 3) plane joints 4) hinge joint 5) pivot joint 6) saddle joint

synovial joints

- articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule; articular bones ends covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid - freely movable joints; diarthrotic

plane joint (gliding joint)

- articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved - these joints permit the articular surfaces to slide back and forth -movement: sliding or twisting (nonaxial movement) -example: joints between various bones of wrist and ankle; sacroiliac joints and joints formed by rib 2-7 connecting with the sternum

articular cartilage

- covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints - resists wear and minimizes friction when it is compressed as the joint moves

flexion

- decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together - ex: bending the knee

hyperextension

- extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position - often used to describe an abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury

suture

- flat bones united by sutural ligament - where flat bones are united by a thin layer of connective tissue and are interlocked by a set of bony processes - movement: NONE & are therefore synarthrotic joints - example: parietal bones articulate at sagittal suture of skull

symphysis

- found where articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage - movement: limited movement, as when the back is bent or twisted - example: joints between bodies of vertebrae separated and connected by an intervertebral disc - amphiarthrotic joints because they allow slight movement

synarthrotic

- functionally classified as immovable joints - joints with a very tight union that allow no movement

amphiarthrotic

- functionally classified as joints that permit slight movement

joint capsule

- has two distinct layers - holds together the bones of a synovial joint - outer layer largely consists of dense connective tissue, whose fibers are continuous with the periosteum of the articulating bones - outer layer completely encloses the other parts of the joint - inside of capsule & joint cavity lined by synovial membrane except at the articular surfaces - is flexible enough to permit movement and strong enough to help prevent the bones from being pulled apart

cruciate ligaments

- help prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces - strong bands of fibrous tissue that stretch upward and cross between the tibia and the femur

a. lateral condyle of femur b. medial condyle of femur c. anterior cruciate ligament d. posterior cruciate ligament e. fibular collateral ligament f. tibial collateral ligament

- identify the parts of the pictured joint

extension

- increases the angle of a joint and the parts move farther apart - ex: straightening the knee

patellar ligament

- is a continuation of a tendon from a large muscle group in the thigh (quadriceps femoris) - it consists of a strong, flat band that extends from the margin of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

lifespan changes

- joint stiffness - development of arthritis - fibrous joints change 1st; can strengthen - cartilage in synchondroses stiffens - ligaments loose elasticity - symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility & decrease height - synovial joints lose function as capillary supply diminishes - disuse hampers the nutrient supply to joints - activity & exercise can keep joints functional longer

plane, synovial

- joint: acromioclavicular - location: scapula and clavicle - movement: sliding movement, rotation - diarthrotic

hinge, synovial

- joint: ankle (talocrural) - location: talus, tibia, fibula - movement: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, slight circumduction - diarthrotic

pivot, synovial

- joint: atlantoaxial - location: atlas, axis - movement: rotation - diarthrotic

condylar, snyovil

- joint: atlantooccipital - location: atlas, occipital bone - movement: flexion, extension - diarthrotic

saddle, synovial

- joint: carpometacarpal - location: carpal and metacarpal 1 (thumb) - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction - diarthrotic

condylar, synovial

- joint: carpometacarpal - location: carpals and metacarpals 2-5 - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction - diarthrotic

pivot, synovial

- joint: distal radioulnar - location: radius and ulna - movement: pronation, supination - diarthrotic

syndesmosis, fibrous

- joint: distal tibiofibular - location: tibia and fibula - movement: slight rotation during dorsiflexion - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: elbow (humeroradial) - location: humerus and radius - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic

hing, synovial

- joint: elbow (humeroulnar) - location: humerus and ulna - movement: flexion, extension - diarthrotic

ball and socket, synovial

- joint: hip - location: hip and femur - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: intercarpal - location: adjacent carpals - movement: sliding, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension at the midcarpal joints - diarthrotic

hinge, synovial

- joint: interphalangeal - location: adjacent phalanges - movement: flexion, extension - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: intertarsal - location: adjacent tarsals - movement: sliding movement, inversion, eversion - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: intervertebral - location: between vertebral arches - movement: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column - diarthrotic

symphysis, cartilaginous

- joint: intervertebral - location: between vertebral bodies - movement: slight movement - amphiarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: knee (fermorpatellar) - location: femur and patella - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic

modified hinge, synovial

- joint: knee (tibiofemoral) - location: femur and tibia - movement: flexion, extension, slight rotation when flexed - diarthrotic

condylar, synovial

- joint: metacarpophalangeal - location: metacarpal and proximal phalanx - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction - diarthrotic

ball and socket, synovial

- joint: shoulder (glenohumeral) - location: humerus and scapula - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction - diarthrotic

suture, fibrous

- joint: skull - location: cranial and facial bones - movement: immovable - synarthrotic

synchondrosis, cartilaginous

- joint: sternocostal - location: sternum and rib 1 - movement: immovable - synarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: tarsometatarsal - location: tarsals and metatarsal - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: vertebrocostal - location: vertebrae and ribs - movement: sliding movement during breathing - diarthrotic

condylar, synovial

- joint: wrist (radiocarpal) - location: radius and carpals - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction - diarthrotic

diarthrotic

- joints functionally classified as freely movable joint - allow a large range of movement

depression

- lowering a body part - ex: drooping the shoulders

synovial fluid

- moistens and lubricates the smooth cartilaginous surfaces of the joint - provides nutrients to articular cartilage obtained from blood vessels of the synovial membrane - contains stem cells, which may function in ligament regeneration following injury

adduction

- movement toward the midline of the body or toward the axial line of the limb - ex: returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body - ex: moving the fingers or toes closer together

abduction

- moving a body part away from the midline or from the axial line of the limb - ex: lifting the upper limb horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body - ex: spreading the fingers or toes

rotation

- moving a part around an axis - ex: twisting the head from side to side

retraction

- moving a part backward - ex: pulling the head backward

protraction

- moving a part forward - ex: thrusting the head forward

circumduction

- moving a part so that its end follows a circular path - moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand

Synchondrosis

- occurs where bones are bound by hyaline cartilage that may disappear as a result of bone growth - movement: NONE and therefore are synarthrotic - example: joint between the first rib and the manubrium & epiphyseal plate (temporary)

elevation

- raising a body part - ex: shrugging the shoulder

joint

- structures that connect bones - types 1) fibrous joints 2) cartilaginous joints 3) synovial joints - grouped functionally according to the degree of movement possible at the bony junctions

hinge joint

- the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone -movement: flexion and extension (uniaxial) -example: elbow and interphalangeal joints

synovial membrane

- the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint capsule. - only a few cells thick - covers all of the surfaces within the joint capsule, except the areas the articular cartilage covers - surrounds a closed sac called synovial cavity - may also store adipose tissue and form movable fatty pads in the joint - reabsorbs fluid, which is important when a joint cavity is injured or infected

lateral (external) rotation

- turning a limb on its longitudinal axis so its anterior moves away from the midline

medial (internal) rotation

- turning of a limb on its longitudinal axis so its anterior surface moves toward the midline

inversion

- turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially

synovial joints based on type of movement

- uni-axial: hinge, pivot or trochoid - bi-axial: saddle or sellar, condylar or ellipsoidal - multi-axial: ball & socket, gliding or plane

condylar joint (ellipsoidal joint)

-an oval condyle of one bone fitting into an elliptical cavity of another bone -movement: variety of movements in two planes (biaxial) back-and-forth and side-to-side, but no rotation -example: joints between metacarpals and phalanges; radiocarpal joint

structure of synovial joints

1) articular cartilage 2) joint capsule strengthened by ligaments 3) synovial membrane 4) synovial fluid 5) menisci 6) fluid-filled bursae

saddle joint (sellar joint)

- articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions - surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another - movement: variety of movements, mainly in two planes (biaxial) - example: joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

ball and socket joint

- ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped socket of another - the globular head of a bone fits into the cup-shaped cavity of another bone -movement: movements in all planes (multiaxial), including rotation -example: shoulder, hip

syndesmosis

- bones bound by long connective tissue fibers - bound by interosseous ligament - movements: joint flexible and may be twisted so permits slight movement - amphiarthrotic - example: tibiofibular articulation

joint ligaments

- bundles of strong, tough collagen fibers - reinforce the joint capsule and help bind the articular ends of the bones - help prevent excessive movement at the joint

gomphosis

- cone-shaped process fastened in bony socket by periodontal ligament - formed by the union of cone-shaped bony process with a bony socket - movement: NONE & are therefore synarthrotic joints - example: root of tooth united with mandible

oblique popliteal ligament

- connects the lateral condyle of the femur to the margin of the head of the tibia

menisci

- divide some synovial joints into compartments - discs of fibrocartilage - located between the articular surfaces - attaches to the fibrous layer of the joint capsule peripherally, and its free surface projects into the joint cavity

condylar, synovial

- joint: metatarsophalangeal - location: metatarsal and proximal phalanx - movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction - diarthrotic

pivot, synovial

- joint: proximal radioulnar - location: radius and ulna - movement: rotation - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: proximal tibiofibular - location: tibia and fibula - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic

symphysis, cartilaginous

- joint: pubic symphysis - location: pubic bones - movement: slight movement - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: sacroiliac - location: sacrum and ilium - movement: sliding movement - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: sternoclavicular - location: sternum and clavicle - movement: sliding movement when shrugging shoulders - diarthrotic

plane, synovial

- joint: sternocostal - location: sternum and ribs 2-7 - sliding movement during breathing - diarthrotic

modified hing, synovial

- joint: tempromandibular - location: temporal bone, mandible - movement: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, lateral movement - diarthrotic

bursae

- most are located between the skin and underlying bony prominences - has an inner lining of synovial membrane & may be continuous with the synovial membrane of nearby joint cavity - contain synovial fluid - cushion and aid the movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or over other tendons

plantar flexion

- movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin - ex: walking on one's toes

dorsiflexion

- movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle - ex: rocking back on one's heels

pronation

- rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward (prone refers to lying face down)

supination

- rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward (supine refers to lying face up)

fibrous joints

- tightly fastened to each other by a layer of dense connective tissue with many collagen fibers - no space between the two bones & abundant collagen fibers provide a tough connection that allows little or no movement - between bones in close contact - types: 1) syndesmosis 2) suture 3) gomphosis

eversion

- turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally

plantar flexion

Standing on one's toes is an example of _______ of the foot.

blood vessels in the joint capsule

The articular cartilage in synovial joints is nourished by

hinge

The elbow and phalanges contain ________ joints

plane

The femoropatellar joint between the femur and the kneecap is an example of _____________ joint.

ball-and-socket

The shoulder is an example of a _______ joint

rotation

Turning a doorknob is an example of _______

- fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial

What 3 classifications are used when joints are classified by the type of tissue that holds the bone ends together?

synovial

Which of the following joints are the most complex? a. syndesmosis b. pubic symphysis c. amphiarthrosis d. synovial

false

Turning the sole of the foot inward is an example of eversion

muscles and tendons

What is the main factor that holds the arm to the trunk?

syndesmosis

What specific joint type is depicted in the figure?

symphysis

What type of joint is between the bodies of the vertebrae?

fibrous

What type of joint is the sagittal suture?

hyaline cartilage

What type of structure(s) holds together bones within a synchondrosis?

extended

When one is standing erect, most of the joints are in the __________ position

supine

When standing in the anatomical position, the hands are considered to be in a ______ position

joint formed by two vertebrae and their intervertebral disc

Where in the body would it be possible to find a joint called a symphysis?

thumb base

Where is a saddle joint found?

acetabulum and femur

Where would the ligamentum capitis be found?

is also present in fibrous joints besides synovial joints

Which is untrue of synovial fluid a. it lubricates the joint b. transmits nutrients and gases to the articular cartilage by diffusion c. is produced by the synovial membrane d. is also present in fibrous joints besides synovial joints

saddle

Which of the following has the greatest range of motion? a. gliding b. pivot c. spheroidal d. saddle

Tooth-Alveolus

Which of the following is an example of a gomphosis? a. humerus-ulna b. femur-innominate c. tooth-alveolus d. mandible-temporal

shoulder

Which of the following is probably the easiest to dislocate: a. knee b. wrist c. elbow d. shoulder

saddle

Which of the following is the type of joint located between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb? a. pivot b. ginglymoidal c. saddle d. trochoidal

acetabulum and femur

Which of the following joints displays the greatest range of motion allowable? a. sacroiliac b. costal cartilage c. acetabulum and femur d. interphalangeal

pivot

Which type of joint occurs at the radial notch of the ulna and the head of the radius?

capitulim and head of radius

Within the elbow joint, a plane joint occurs between the _________ and the _____________.

arcuate popliteal ligament

appears as a Y-shaped system of fibers that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula

fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament)

consists of a strong, round cord located between the lateral condyle of the femur and the head of the fibula

Joint Movements

include: 1) flexion 2) extension 3) dorsiflexion 4) plantar flexion 5) abduction 6) adduction 7) rotation 8) circumduction 9) supination 10) pronation 11) eversion 12) inversion 13) protraction 14) retraction 15) elevation 16) depression

tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament)

is a broad, flat band of tissue that connects the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

Amphiarthrotic

joints that have some limited degree of movement are called____

true

A pivot joint occurs at the junction between the atlas and dens of the axis

Perichondrium

All of these components of synovial joints except a. capsule b. perichondrium c. articular cartilage d. synovial membrane e. joint cavity with fluid

ankylosis

An ______is a condition of abnormal stiffness or fusion of bones at a joint

true

Arthroscopy is a procedure whereby an instrument using fiber optics is inserted into a joint capsule

ligaments

At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ______________ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.

hyperextension

Bending the head to observe an airplane will probably cause _______ of the neck.

elevation

Closing the jaw is an example of ______ movement

true

Condyloid joints such as the metacarpal to phalange are also named ellipsoidal because of the shape of the socket

- ankle - chin

Dorsiflexion is a movement of the ______________ that brings the foot closer to the ______________.

false

Flexing the shoulder is the same action as extending the arm

to absorb shocks and help protect the joint

In a synovial joint, the purpose of the cancellous bone beneath the articular cartilage is _________________

syndesmosis

In which type of joint does a slightly flexible interosseous ligament bind the bones?

a. fibrous capsule b. synovial membrane c. articular cartilage

Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint.

synoval and diarthrotic

Most joints in the human body are

menisci

Some synovial joints, such as the knee, contain interior pads of fibrocartilage, called ______________, that help to stabilize the joint

hyaline cartilage

The articular cartilage of synovial joints are composed of

carpals

The articular processes of the vertebrae and _______ contain gliding joints

circumduction

The best movement that describes throwing a baseball is probably _______ of the arm

fibrous

The bone ends within a ___________ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.

synovial membranes

The bursae resemble _______ in structure and are found around certain joints.

bursitis

The condition called _______ involves inflammation of a fluid filled sac outside of a joint

true

The connection between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a young bone can be considered a synchondrosis

condyloid

The joint between the phalanges and metacarpals is a _______ joint

hinge

The joint between the troclea and trochlear notch is a _____________ joint.

cruciate

The ligaments that form a cross at the knee are called _________

adduction

The movement called _____ will move an appendage towards the midline of the body.

flexion

The movement hat decreases the angle between two bones is called _________

suture

The parietal and temporal bones are joined by a ___________

false

The purpose of synovial fluid is to provide for firmness and stability in an amphiarthrotic joint

shoulder

The rotator cuff is a special arrangement of tissues found in the ________

- rotation - adduction & abduction - flexion & extension - circumduction

The shoulder can undergo what four movements?

Syndesmosis

The special joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula is called a __________

articular cartilage

The strongest and most inflexible part of a synovial joint is the _________

luxation

The term _______ refers to dislocation of a joint

synovial membrane

The term ________ is used to describe the extra synovial-type membrane outside the knee joint

hydrarthrosis

The term, which means the presence of fluid in a joint, is __________________

symphysis

The two pubic bones are held together on the anterior surface by a ________ joint.

false

The vertebral bodies are joined by a diarthrotic joint

rotation

Movement of a body part around its axis, such as turning the head to look over the shoulder, is called ___________.

abduction

Moving the right eye towards the right is an example of

protraction

Moving the shoulder forward in a straight plane direction is an example of ______

true

Surgical procedures called arthroplasty are performed to replace parts of the hip


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