Chapter 8 Psych

___________ memory refers to the retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___________ memory refers to memory for facts and experiences. *Implicit; procedural *Explicit; procedural *Explicit; declarative *Implicit; explicit

Implicit; explicit ✅

Which of the following helps to retain information for the long-term? *massed study *cramming *shallow processing *distributed practice

distributed practice ✅

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily declare is known as: *nondeclarative memory. *implicit memory. *automatic memory. *explicit memory.

explicit memory. ✅

Because of _____________, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. *memory construction *retrieval failure *proactive interference *encoding failure

memory construction ✅

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as: *a retrieval cue. *mood-congruent memory. *automatic processing. *state-dependent learning.

mood-congruent memory. ✅

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of a __________ memory task. * relearning *recall *recognition *retrieval

recall ✅

For his chemistry test in two days, Vince has to memorize the elements on the periodic table. He writes them on index cards and then keeps the cards with him at all times, periodically reading through them. Vince is using _______________ to encode information for storage. * rehearsal *recognition *iconic memory *automatic processing

rehearsal ✅

Markus recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to: *repression. *encoding failure. *retrieval failure. *sensory memory failure.

retrieval failure. ✅

Luka suffered hippocampal damage in a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but he has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. The damage is to his: *right hippocampus. *upper hippocampus *.lower hippocampus. *left hippocampus.

right hippocampus. ✅

Conscious memories regarding facts and general knowledge fall into which memory category? *semantic *episodic *effortful *automatic

semantic ✅

Larry often has vivid dreams and can usually recall them in great detail in the morning. It sometimes takes him a bit of time to figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as: *source amnesia. *retrograde amnesia. *anterograde amnesia. *déjà vu.

source amnesia ✅

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store ____________ in our short-term memory. *twelve bits of information (give or take two) *meaningful information *implicit information *about seven bits of information (give or take two)

about seven bits of information (give or take two) ✅

Brad suffered a brain injury in a motorcycle accident that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Brad's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: *anterograde amnesia. *source amnesia. *retroactive interference *.repression.

*anterograde amnesia. ✅

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: * automatic processing. *motivated forgetting. *memory construction *.repression.

*memory construction ✅

Whenever Wanda experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Wanda's experience best illustrates: *priming. *mood-congruent memory *.long-term potentiation *.episodic memory.

*mood-congruent memory ✅

Your teacher gives the first exam in your psychology course. You notice that all of the questions are multiple choice. This test is assessing your _____ of the course material. *retention *recall *recognition *relearning

*recognition ✅

When new learning disrupts recall of old information, it is called: * retroactive interference. *retrieval failure. *encoding failure. *proactive interference.

*retroactive interference. ✅

John distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is using the: *spacing effect. *levels of processing effect. *chunking effect. *testing effect.

*spacing effect. ✅

Professor Paulson suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Paulson wants the students to consider: *implicit memory. *mood congruence. *memory consolidation *.the context in which learning occurred.

.the context in which learning occurred. ✅

Claudia meets nine new neighbors at a block party. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates: *the primacy effect. *the recency effect. *the mood-congruent effect *.the serial position effect.

.the serial position effect. ✅

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize ______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing. 20 90 70 50

90 ✅

Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with other unseen slides, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing. 60 75 100 90

90 ✅

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): *increase in automatic processing. *gradual fading of the physical memory trace *.decrease in source amnesia. *decline in visual encoding.

gradual fading of the physical memory trace ✅

Chickadees and other birds are unable to return to where they have stored food if this part of their brain has been removed. *cerebellum *basal ganglia *hippocampus *amygdala

hippocampus ✅

The _____________ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage. *hippocampus *cerebellum *basal ganglia *amygdala

hippocampus ✅

Digitally altered photos can produce false memories because of: * proactive interference. *a conflict between working/short-term memory and long-term memory. *imagination inflation *.source amnesia.

imagination inflation ✅

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the complete number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ___________ memory. *explicit *short-term *implicit *long-term

short term ✅

Larry often has vivid dreams and can usually recall them in great detail in the morning. It sometimes takes him a bit of time to figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as: *anterograde amnesia. *déjà vu. *retrograde amnesia. *source amnesia.

source amnesia. ✅

What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state. This is referred to as: *implicit memory. *state-dependent memory. *mood-congruent memory. *priming.

state-dependent memory. ✅

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by: * Ebbinghaus. •Loftus and Loftus. *Sperling. *Atkinson and Shiffrin.

Atkinson and Shiffrin. ✅

On a business trip last year, Erum, who really hates to fly, and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. In the middle of the flight, they experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Erum remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? *At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Erum's. *Erum experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. *Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. *There is no way to know, since stress and emotion do not influence memory.

Erum experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. ✅

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem? *The book was never purchased and placed in the library *The book's location is repressed. *The book's location can only be revealed through hypnosis. *The book is for reference use only.

The book was never purchased and placed in the library ✅

__________ revealed that the reports of memory flashbacks in patients whose brains were stimulated during surgery appear to have been invented, not relived. * Miller *LeDoux *Lashley *Loftus

Loftus ✅

_______________ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier. *Memory reconsolidation *Retroactive interference *Proactive interference *Retrograde amnesia

Retroactive interference ✅

Godden and Baddeley conducted a memory experiment using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. Then the groups were tested on the words. What did the researchers discover about context and learning? *Participants who listened to the words underwater did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. *There was no difference between the two groups. *The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater). *Participants who listened to the words on the beach did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them.

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater). ✅

Godden and Baddeley conducted a memory experiment using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. Then the groups were tested on the words. What did the researchers discover about context and learning? *There was no difference between the two groups. *Participants who listened to the words on the beach did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. *Participants who listened to the words underwater did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. *The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater). ✅

Which of the following about sexual abuse is FALSE? *There is a condition called the "survivor syndrome." *Victims of sexual abuse can be predisposed to depression. *Victims of sexual abuse may be haunted by memories of the event. *Victims of sexual abuse can be predisposed to sexual dysfunction.

There is a condition called the "survivor syndrome. ✅

Which of the following statements is TRUE? *External events are remembered best when processed through short-term memory, then sensory memory. *Working memory is equivalent to long-term memory *.We cannot remember what we have not encoded. *We are able to remember information that has not been encoded properly.

We cannot remember what we have not encoded. ✅

Stress provokes this brain structure to initiate a memory trace that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas. *frontal lobes *amygdala *cerebellum *hippocampus

amygdala ✅

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: *basal ganglia. *amygdala. *hippocampus. *cerebellum.

amygdala. ✅

Brad suffered a brain injury in a motorcycle accident that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Brad's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: *repression. *retroactive interference. *anterograde amnesia. *source amnesia.

anterograde amnesia. ✅

According to psychologists, memory refers to the persistence of learning through all of the following EXCEPT: *retrieval of information. *relearning information. *storage of information. *categorizing information

categorizing information ✅

Claire is recalling the day of her college graduation. What type of memory is this an example of? *episodic *semantic *implicit *nondeclarative

episodic ✅

Karen is remembering what took place when her friends threw her a surprise birthday party. What type of memory is she using? *consolidated *semantic *episodic *implicit

episodic ✅

Karen is remembering what took place when her friends threw her a surprise birthday party. What type of memory is she using? *implicit *semantic *episodic *consolidated

episodic ✅

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment, students are asked to repeatedly visualize breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as: *source amnesia. *retroactive interference. *imagination inflation. *repression.

imagination inflation. ✅

Which memories include procedural memory for automatic skills and classically conditioned associations among stimuli? *e memories *implicit memories *iconic memories *working memories

implicit memories ✅

Luke has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and while he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His ________________ memory is still intact. * long-term *short-term *working *sensory memory

long term ✅

Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of: a *mnemonic device. *the spacing effect. *hierarchies *.the peg-word system.

mnemonic device. ✅

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are feeling great, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as: *mood-congruent memory. *the serial position effect. *priming. *effortful processing.

mood-congruent memory. ✅

Although Ryan typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking only a little more than one pack per day. His poor memory best illustrates: *source amnesia. *motivated forgetting. *retroactive interference. *the misinformation effect.

motivated forgetting. ✅

Although Ryan typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking only a little more than one pack per day. His poor memory best illustrates: *the misinformation effect. *motivated forgetting. *source amnesia. *retroactive interference.

motivated forgetting. ✅

When prior learning disrupts recall of new information, it is called: * encoding failure. *retroactive interference. *retrieval failure. *proactive interference.

proactive interference. ✅

The happier Choiya feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be: * nondeclarative .*episodic. *retrieval cues. *primed.

retrieval cues ✅

When new learning disrupts recall of old information, it is called: retroactive interference proactive interference. encoding failure. retrieval failure.

retroactive interference ✅

In the process of memory formation, we first record incoming information as: *sensory memory. *short-term memory. *long-term memory. *working memory.

sensory memory. ✅

When learning occurs in the Aplysia sea slug, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter into certain neurons. *propranolol *serotonin *learning enzyme *LTP

serotonin ✅

Which effect demonstrates that retrieval practice actually improves learning? *spacing effect *self-reference effect *testing effect *recognition effect

testing effect ✅

Professor Paulson suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Paulson wants the students to consider: *the context in which learning occurred. *implicit memory. *mood congruence. *memory consolidation.

the context in which learning occurred. ✅

Terrance suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. The form of treatment his psychiatrist is using is electroconvulsive therapy, a therapy that will affect his memory of __________. *very recent memories *personal experiences *learned information *long-term memories

very recent memories ✅