Chapter 8 Psych - Learning

True or False: Punishment and negative reinforcement are the same

False

____________ ratio reinforcement follows a set number of responses.

Fixed

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a ____________ .

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

A Skinnner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study ____________.

operant conditioning processes with labratory animals

____________ simply means unlearned.

Unconditioned

What is classical conditioning?

A form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.

A sensitivity period is

A period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation.

In operant conditioning, any consequence of a behavior that makes a behavior more likely to happen in the future is called

A reinforcer

How is Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) used to treat children with autism?

ABA uses reinforcement to increase frequency of adaptive behavior, and sometimes punishment to decrease maladaptive behaviors.

Which of the following is the definition of spontaneous recovery?

An extinguished conditioned response reemerges.

An ____________ occurs when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect the two sources of information

Association

The sound of a drawer opening causes the cat to come running in anticipation of food. Sometimes there will be food, sometimes not, but every time the cat has recieved food in the past, the drawer was opened. This represents what type of learning?

Associative

Who is associated with Social Learning Theory?

Bandura

The ____________ ____________ model of learning says that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned yhat others

Biological constraint

In classical condtioning, the ____________ is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

CR

In Pavlov's work, he demonstrated that ____________ conditioning is a learning principle that can be applied to humans and animals.

Classical

There are two basic forms of conditioning: ____________ and ____________.

Classical Operant

The study involving "Little Albert" and the white rat was an experiment in what type of learning?

Classical conditioning

A neutral stimulus initially produces no response, yet a ____________ stimulus produces a learned response.

Conditioned

After "Little Albert" was ____________ to fear white rats, he also feared similar objects such as white rabbits.

Conditioned

By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by the sound of the bell is called the ____________ response.

Conditioned

Pavlov could, by ringing a bell whenever he showed food to his lab dogs, eventually get the dogs to salivate just by the sound of the bell. In this context where salivation is elicited by the bell, the sound of the bell is called the ____________ stimulus

Conditioned

CS is an acronym for

Conditioned Stimulus

You do nothing the first time you hear a loud sound. But, each time you hear that sound you receive a mild electric shock. Eventually you will cringe at the sound, knowing that it predicts that you are about to be shocked. In this situation, the sound is a

Conditioned Stimulus

If we eat a particular food and it makes us extremely ill, we will be less likely to eat it in the future. Which of the following BEST explains this?

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Which of the following is a key concept in classical conditioning?

Conditioned stimuli

The term ____________ is a form of associative learning in which a behavior becomes more likely because the organism associates that behavior with certain events in its environment.

Conditioning

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs is called ____________ reinforcement

Continuous

The ability to differentiate between two similar stimuli, one of which is associated with a CR, the other is not is called stimulus

Discrimination

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.

Ethology

We could say that ____________ has occurred when a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears.

Extinction

Between introverts and extraverts, who is more likely to smoke?

Extraverts

____________ is the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth.

Imprinting

____________ Drift occurs when a learned behavior shifts into an instinctive behavior.

Instinctive

With ____________ learning, a new behavior can be learned but won't be exhibited until an incentive is provided.

Latent

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?

Law of Effect

A relatively permanent change in behavior, due to experience, is considered

Learning

The rate at which learning occurs over time is called a(n)

Learning Curve

Having your car keys confiscated because you came home late is an example of ____________ because it will decrease your behavior of staying out late.

Negative Punishment

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ____________ is said to have occurred.

Negative Reinforcement

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a ____________ stimulus.

Neutral

Enactive learning is learning by doing, whereas ____________ learning is learning by watching the behavior of others

Observational

What type of learning was demonstraited in Bandura's "Bobo doll" study?

Observational learning

When a behavior is already well learned, what is the best way to reinforce it to get the behavior to continue?

Occasionally

The treatment of phobias, substance abuse and learning disabilities are applications of ____________ conditioning

Operant

____________ conditioning is when you operate on your environment

Operant

A hungry animal does something that is followed by the presentation of food. This increases the likelihood of making the behavior again in the future. This best describes ____________.

Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike's study, which involved placing food deprived cats in a puzzle box and then recording the time it took for the cats to escape, was used to support which view of learning?

Operant Conditioning

In terms of smoking behavior, which learning theories best explain these facts: Most teens start smoking because they seek the rewards that come with smoking--coolness, peer acceptance, looking like an adult; when kids see others who smoke get some of these rewards, they may model smoking behavior to get them also?

Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theory

You park in the faculty parking lot and recieve a fine. In the future, you do not park there again. This is an example of what?

Positive Punishment

Which of the following are processes in operant conditioning that increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated?

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

____________ punishment results in decreasing behavior by giving something negative, whereas ____________ punishment also decreases behavior but by taking away something good.

Positive; Negative

Which two of the following are secondary reinforcers?

Praise Money

Food, water, and sex are examples of ____________ reinforcers

Primary

Latent learning posits that learning occurs without any ____________ and is not demonstrated until later.

Reinforcement

____________ matters in social learning theory for both the model and the observer

Reinforcement

Which of the following is a fixed reinforcement schedule?

Sam is reinforced every third time he puts his toys away.

____________ of reinforcement are arranged to follow behaviors.

Schedules

____________ reinforcements are learned by classical conditioning.

Secondary

____________ reinforcers are learned by classical conditioning

Secondary

A type of conditioning that involves gradually reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired target behavior describes the process of

Shaping

A ____________ box is a chamber with a food dispenser and a response lever. Pressing the lever results in food being dispensed.

Skinner

Imitation and modeling plays important roles in how we learn; ____________ learning theory of psychology takes into account this type of learning

Social

____________ ____________ is the association between a UCS and CS can be extended to include more stimuli (more stimuli related to the CS can elicit the CR)

Stimulus Generalization

In Garcia's experiment on conditioned taste aversion with rats, what was the dependent variable?

The amount of saccharin water the rats consumed.

What is an effect of not using learned information?

The synapses that support our knowledge weaken and ultimately degrade - and we forget what we once knew.

Why does operant conditioning explain how substance abuse can be learned?

Through operant conditioning, a person will repeat behaviors they enjoy or are rewarded for.

What is the acronym for unconditioned response?

UCR

What is the abbreviation for 'unconditioned stimulus'?

UCS

The stimulus that automatically gives rise to a response is called the ____________ stimulus.

Unconditioned

When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the food is called the ____________ stimulus.

Unconditioned

When a dog salivates upon the sight of food, the salivation is called the ____________ response.

Unconditioned

You see a purple light and immediately recieve a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the purple light. The electric shock is a(n):

Unconditioned stimulus

An unconditioned or ____________ response is always produced by an unconditioned stimulus.

Unlearned

A ____________ interval schedule is when the first response is reinforced after different time periods have passed

Variable

____________ ratio is a schedule in which the number of responses need for reinforcement varies

Variable

The ____________ constraint model exemplifies that some learning is biological rather than learned

biological

The best way to think about positive and negative reinforcement is that

both strengthen behavior but positive reinforcement means something is added and negative reinforcement means something is removed

Lorenz observed that soon after hatching, ducklings would learn to follow whomever they saw most. This phenoma is called

imprinting

Which aspect of Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) for the treatment of autism is less effective?

improving social and emotional challenges

Unlike operant conditioning, classical conditioning typically involves

involuntary behavior

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are

learned

Without connections between learning and ____________, we could not process, retain or make use of new information

memory

____________ neurons are at least partially responsible for the modeling behavior exhibited in observational learning

mirror

For some neurons, having the experience of watching someone do something is as if you are personally having the same experience. The neurons responsible for this information are called

mirror neurons

Observational learning is learning that occurs when we

model others

The process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others is an example of

modeling

When a child tells a doll not to eat too much candy after having been told so by its mother, this is an example of ____________ which is one of the four observational learning processes.

modeling

Behavior ____________ is a formalized technique based on operant conditioning that has been used to help people stop smoking and stick to a diet.

modification

Some learning theorists have suggested that classical and ____________ conditioning are not different and share many basic principles.

operant

Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered ____________ punishment

positive

Giving a child a piece of candy for being well-behaved in the grocery store is an example of

positive reinforcement

Positive ____________ increases the likelihood a behavior will occur again

reinforcement

In terms of operant conditioning, things like food, praise, and money are examples of

reinforcers

According to Thordike's theory, ____________ consequences can make a behavior more likely to occur again.

rewarding

The zoo keeper needs to check the tiger's teeth. For weeks the zoo keeper has started giving rewards for the tiger's behavior. First for letting the keeper touch its nose, then for opening its mouth, and then for letting the keeper put her fingers in the tiger's mouth. This is an example of

shaping

Negative Punishment is

the removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

An example of ____________ ratio is when someone plays the slot machines waiting for the jackpot.

variable

In operant conditioning, if you weaken a response, it

will be less likely to continue

In ____________ reinforcement, behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time.

ìntermittent