Chapter 8: The Nervous System
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) serotonin. E) GABA.
B
22) Interneurons A) are found only in the central nervous system. B) carry only sensory impulses. C) carry only motor impulses. D) only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons. E) are found between neurons and their effectors.
A
27) Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increased negative charge inside the membrane. E) none of the above
A
37) Synaptic knobs occur at the ends of A) dendrites. B) somas. C) telodendria. D) peduncles. E) axons.
A
75) The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the A) primary sensory cortex. B) primary motor cortex. C) visual cortex. D) olfactory cortex. E) auditory cortex.
A
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually A) connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes. B) short in length. C) originating as nerves from the brain. D) located in the brain. E) located in the spinal cord.
A
Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands? A) anterior gray commissure B) white column C) ventral roots D) dorsal roots E) ventral horns
C
1) Which of the following is a function of the motor division of the nervous system? A) providing sensation of the internal and external environments B) integrating sensory information C) coordinating voluntary and involuntary activities D) sending signals to muscles
D
96) There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.A) 6 B) 8 C) 10 D) 12 E) 31
D
As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the A) mammillary bodies. B) basal ganglia. C) inferior colliculi. D) hippocampus. E) superior colliculi.
D
Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increased negative charge inside the membrane. E) myelination.
A
Spinal nerves from the brachial plexus innervate the A) shoulder girdle and upper limb. B) chest muscles. C) abdominal muscles. D) leg muscles. E) diaphragm.
A
Structure D is the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) lateral ventricle. D) optic chiasm. E) pineal gland.
A
Structure K is part of the A) midbrain. B) diencephalon. C) cerebrum. D) brainstem. E) limbic system
A
Structure M is part of the ________ lobe. A) temporal B) occipital C) insula D) frontal E) parietal
A
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the A) primary sensory cortex. B) primary motor cortex. C) visual cortex. D) olfactory cortex. E) auditory cortex.
A
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) lateral sulcus. D) frontal lobe. E) postcentral sulcus.
A
Which of the following delivers poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the primary sensory cortex? A) spinothalamic pathway B) medial pathway C) spinocerebellar pathway D) lateral pathway E) posterior column pathway
A
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels A) 1, 3, 4, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 2
B
In general, the nervous system A) controls only conscious activities. B) is fast acting. C) is long lasting. D) responds to changes in the external environment only. E) is one of the simplest organ systems.
B
The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the A) cerebellum. B) precentral gyrus. C) pons. D) lateral sulcus. E) postcentral gyrus.
B
The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.
B
The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry highly localized sensory information concerning fine touch and pressure is/are the A) spinocerebellar pathway. B) posterior column. C) corticospinal pathway. D) medial and lateral pathways. E) spinothalamic pathway.
B
Which of the following is abnormal in the adult? A) plantar reflex B) Babinski sign C) withdrawal reflex D) flexor reflex E) knee-jerk reflex
B
Which of the following is the most sensitive body region? A) chest B) face C) feet D) back E) legs
B
89) After suffering a stroke
Cindy finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the A) right frontal lobe. B) left frontal lobe. C) right temporal lobe. D) left temporal lobe. E) occipital lobe.,B
The cranial nerve that has three branches is the A) abducens. B) facial. C) vagus. D) trigeminal. E) glossopharyngeal.
D
The cranial nerves whose primary function is special sensory are A) VIII, IX, and XII. B) III, IV, and VI. C) II, III, and IV. D) I, II, and VIII. E) I, III, and V.
D
The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31 E) 35
D
The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry information regulating skeletal muscle tone is/are the A) posterior column. B) spinothalamic pathway. C) corticospinal pathway. D) medial and lateral pathways. E) spinocerebellar pathway.
D
The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.
D
The sensory nuclei of cranial nerves V-VIII are found within which of the following? A) midbrain B) medulla oblongata C) cerebellum D) basal ganglia E) pons
E
Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. 4. Axon terminal depolarizes. A) 2, 3, 1, 4 B) 1, 4, 3, 2 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 4, 1, 3, 2
E
Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions? A) pons B) basal ganglia C) hippocampus D) thalamus E) prefrontal cortex
E
Which pathway begins at the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex? A) posterior column B) medial C) spinocerebellar D) lateral E) corticospinal
E
64) Major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing
blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalons. E) cerebellum.,A
26) The most rapid action potentials are conducted on A) thick
myelinated axons. B) thick, unmyelinated axons. C) thin, myelinated axons. D) thin, unmyelinated axons. E) dendrites.,A
60) If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed
A) motor control of skeletal muscles would be impaired. B) motor control of visceral organs would be impaired. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) incoming sensory information would be disrupted.,E
35) If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function
A) the extracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase. B) the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase. C) the membrane will lose its capacity to generate action potentials. D) the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal. E) all of the above,E
11) Which of the following is a function of neurons? A) support B) information processing C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid D) isolation of neuroglia E) phagocytosis
B
23) Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains A) why neurons grow such long axons. B) why these neurons cannot regenerate. C) the conducting ability of neurons. D) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. E) the ability of neurons to live long lives.
B
33) A neuron that is excited to subthreshold is said to be A) summed. B) facilitated. C) hyperpolarized. D) converged. E) graded.
B
38) Neurotransmitters are released from the A) dendrites. B) synaptic terminals/knobs. C) collaterals. D) hillock. E) synapse.
B
41) Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) serotonin. E) GABA
B
42) The processing of the same information at the same time by several neuronal pools is called A) serial processing. B) parallel processing. C) divergent processing. D) convergent processing. E) facilitation.
B
50) Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because A) they could cause severe pain. B) these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain. C) epicardial tissue will be affected. D) the venous sinus will not drain. E) pathways will be blocked.
B
51) The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts
B
13) The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
C
19) Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called A) action potentials. B) synaptic knobs. C) collaterals. D) hillocks. E) synapse.
C
2) The brain and spinal cord comprise the A) autonomic nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) central nervous system. D) efferent nervous system. E) afferent nervous system.
C
20) Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the soma between them are called A) polypolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.
C
77) The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory and motor pathways.
C
18) Aggregations of ribosomes in neurons are referred to as A) neurofilaments. B) neurofibrils. C) synapses. D) Nissl bodies. E) microglia.
D
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the A) motor division. B) afferent division. C) efferent division. D) autonomic division. E) somatic division.
B
The area anterior to the central sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) postcentral gyrus.
C
The brain and spinal cord comprise the A) autonomic nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) central nervous system. D) efferent nervous system. E) afferent nervous system.
C
The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) is a withdrawal reflex. D) makes adjustments in other parts of the body in response to a particular stimulus. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
C
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
C
The sensory region of the body monitored by each pair of spinal nerves is known as a A) somite. B) microtome. C) dermatome. D) sensory unit. E) motor unit.
C
The spinothalamic tracts function in A) involuntary motor activities. B) autonomic function. C) general sensation delivery. D) equilibrium delivery. E) control of skeletal muscles.
C
Which nerve from the brachial plexus innervates the extensor muscles of the arm and forearm? A) ulnar B) musculocutaneous C) radial D) median E) axillary
C
Which of the following is a descending pathway of the spinal cord? A) posterior column B) spinothalamic C) corticospinal D) spinocerebellar E) proprioceptive
C
Which of the following pairs is not properly matched? A) cervical spinal nerves: 8 B) thoracic spinal nerves: 12 C) lumbar spinal nerves: 4 D) sacral spinal nerves: 5 E) coccygeal spinal nerves: 1
C
The resting potential of a neuron is A) 0 mV. B) +10 mV. C) -70 mV. D) -10 mV. E) +70 mV
C.
15) Small phagocytic cells that are especially obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
D
34) Which of the following is a function of the brain interstitium? A) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues B) provides buoyant support for the brain C) acts as a transport medium for nutrients D) provides a medium for nerve impulse transmission E) acts as a transport medium for chemical messengers
D
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the A) posterior column. B) medial pathway. C) spinothalamic pathway. D) corticospinal pathway. E) medullary centers.
D
95) Nerves exit the vertebral canal through A) vertebral foramen. B) intervertebral foramina. C) sacral foramina. D) intervertebral discs. E) both B and C
E
Monosynaptic reflexes A) are among the most complex reflex arcs. B) involve two or more sequential synapses. C) usually control slow motor responses. D) do not control stereotyped responses of the nervous system. E) are exemplified by the stretch reflex.
E
Nerve trunks containing axons derived from several spinal nerves originate from A) cranial nerves. B) conjoined spinal nerves. C) lateral nerve groups. D) tracts. E) plexuses.
E
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons can be found in which cranial nerves? A) III, VII, VIII, IX B) VII, VIII, IX, X C) IX, X, XI, XII D) X, XI, XII E) III, VII, IX, X
E
Structure L is the A) midbrain. B) forebrain. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) brainstem.
E
Structure Q is the A) fornix. B) forebrain. C) precentral gyrus. D) basal ganglia. E) corpus callosum.
E
The brachial plexus nerve that innervates the flexor muscles of the arm and forearm and the skin on the lateral surface of the forearm is the ________ nerve. A) ulnar B) radial C) median D) axillary E) musculocutaneous
E
44) The following is a series of events that occur at a typical cholinergic synapse. Place the events in the correct sequence. 1. Calcium ions enter the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob and ACh release occurs. 2. Arriving action potential depolarizes the synaptic knob and the presynaptic membrane. 3. Depolarization ends as ACh is broken down into acetate and choline by AChE. 4. ACh release ceases because calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob. 5. The synaptic knob reabsorbs choline from the synaptic cleft and uses it to resynthesize ACh. 6. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 7. Sodium channels on postsynaptic surface are activated
producing a graded depolarization. The correct sequence of events is A) 2, 1, 6, 7, 4, 3, 5. B) 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 5, 7. C) 1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 4, 6. D) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7. E) 7, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 1.,A
32) If a resting potential becomes more negative
the cell A) repolarizes. B) hyperpolarizes. C) depolarizes. D) refracts. E) summates.,B
Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called A) action potentials. B) synaptic knobs. C) collaterals. D) hillocks. E) synapse.
C
A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following? A) repolarization B) hyperpolarization C) depolarization D) refraction E) summation
B
Axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other are found in the A) anterior white columns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) posterior white columns.
D
Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called A) the cortex. B) centers. C) nuclei. D) tracts. E) ganglia
D
Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as A) neurofilaments. B) neurofibrils. C) synapses. D) Nissl bodies. E) microglia
D
Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation? A) third ventricle B) dural sinuses C) cerebral aqueduct D) arachnoid granulations E) lateral ventricle
D
Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called A) threshold. B) graded potentials. C) refractories. D) hyperpolarizations. E) action potentials.
B
Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because A) they could cause severe pain. B) the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain. C) epicardial tissue will be affected. D) the venous sinus will not drain. E) pathways will be blocked.
B
If Broca's area is damaged, what might result? A) loss of sensation B) loss of the ability to speak C) loss of upper limb control D) loss of memory E) mental retardation
B
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains A) why neurons grow such long axons. B) why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis. C) the conducting ability of neurons. D) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. E) the longevity of neurons.
B
Structure C is the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) lateral ventricle. D) corpus callosum. E) pineal gland.
B
Structure F is the A) hypothalamus. B) diencephalon. C) lateral ventricle. D) corpus callosum. E) pineal gland.
B
Structure I is the A) midbrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) pons.
B
The ________ establishes emotional states. A) basal nuclei B) limbic system C) cerebellum D) midbrain E) pons
B
The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity. A) central B) autonomic C) somatic D) collateral E) ganglionic
B
The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.
B
Most neurons in the brain are A) bipolar. B) unipolar. C) anaxonic. D) multipolar. E) tripolar.
D
Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm for contraction. This activity is best explained by A) saltatory conduction. B) divergent neuronal pools. C) linear neuronal pools. D) convergent neuronal pools. E) the all-or-none principle.
D
Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
D
Structure A is the A) lateral sulcus. B) transverse fissure. C) longitudinal fissure. D) central sulcus. E) central gyrus.
D
The ________ ventricle is associated with the pons and upper portion of the medulla oblongata. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth E) lateral
D
The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called A) axons. B) Nissl bodies. C) synapses. D) dendrites. E) neurofibrils.
D
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by A) tracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) cell bodies of neurons and glial cells. E) blood vessels.
D
The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region? A) mesencephalon B) pons C) midbrain D) diencephalon E) cerebellum
D
The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellar lobe.
B
The lobe containing the general interpretive area is labeled A) P. B) B. C) M. D) H. E) C.
B
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
B
The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the A) medulla oblongata. B) cerebellum. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) thalamus
B
All of the nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system comprises the ________ nervous system. A) somatic B) autonomic C) sympathetic D) central E) peripheral
E
Damage to the hypothalamus can result in A) taste and smell problems. B) increased attention. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) fluctuations in body temperature.
E
During an EEG, alpha waves A) are observed in children and frustrated adults. B) are observed in many pathological conditions. C) typically accompany intense concentration. D) occur in deep sleep. E) are characteristic of normal resting adults.
E
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) motor control of skeletal muscles would be impaired. B) motor control of visceral organs would be impaired. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) incoming sensory information would be disrupted.
E
Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease? A) the reticular formation and limbic system B) the basal nuclei and the midbrain C) the hypothalamus and thalamus D) the thalamus and pineal gland E) the hippocampus and amygdala
B
70) If Broca's area is damaged
what might result? A) loss of sensation B) loss of ability to speak C) loss of upper limb control D) loss of memory E) mental retardation,B
29) When a neuron is at rest
which ion passes through its membrane most easily? A) sodium B) chloride C) sulfate D) potassium E) proteins,D
12) The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
A
39) Which type of synapse dominates the nervous system? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radioactive
A
46) Blood vessels servicing the spinal cord are found in the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) epidural space. D) subdural space. E) subarachnoid space.
A
47) The dural sinuses are located in the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid. C) pia mater. D) cortex. E) subarachnoid space
A
58) The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) all of the above
A
71) The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) lateral sulcus. D) frontal lobe. E) postcentral sulcus
A
8) Neurons normally derive ATP solely through A) aerobic respiration. B) anaerobic respiration. C) formation of creatine phosphate. D) use of stored glycogen. E) both A and D
A
87) The highest levels of information processing occur in the A) cerebrum. B) midbrain. C) cerebellum. D) medulla. E) spinal cord
A
9) The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) microglia. D) ependymal cells. E) fiber cells.
A
92) The phrenic nerves arise from the A) cervical plexus. B) thoracic plexus. C) lumbar plexus. D) sacral plexus. E) brain.
A
Another name for the patellar reflex is the A) knee-jerk reflex. B) spinal short reflex. C) dorsiflexion reflex. D) long spinal reflex. E) ankle-jerk reflex.
A
Ascending pathways A) carry sensory information to the brain. B) carry motor information to the brain. C) carry sensory information from the brain. D) carry motor information from the brain. E) provide subconscious involuntary control of muscle tone.
A
Structure R contains neurons that are involved with A) initiating voluntary motor impulses. B) abstract thinking. C) the control of autonomic functions. D) emotions. E) the interpretation of speech.
A
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the A) sympathetic division. B) parasympathetic division. C) craniosacral division. D) arachnoid division. E) somatic motor division.
A
The phrenic nerves arise from the A) cervical plexus. B) thoracic plexus. C) lumbar plexus. D) sacral plexus. E) brain.
A
Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)? A) sympathetic postganglionic B) sympathetic preganglionic C) parasympathetic preganglionic D) parasympathetic postganglionic E) somatic
A
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order? A) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector B) receptor, effector, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron C) receptor, sensory neuron, effector, interneuron, motor neuron D) effector, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron E) receptor, interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector
A
31) During continuous conduction
A) action potentials move in all directions along an axon. B) action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon. C) local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane. D) action potentials produce a local current that is strong enough to spread along the length of the axon. E) local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions.,C
52) Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear A) gray. B) white. C) yellow. D) brown. E) transparent
B
6) The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the A) motor division. B) afferent division. C) efferent division. D) autonomic division. E) somatic division.
B
62) The walls of the diencephalon form the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) brain stem. D) midbrain. E) cerebellum
B
63) The part of the brain that functions to control skeletal muscles is the A) medulla oblongata. B) cerebral cortex. C) midbrain. D) diencephalons. E) thalamus.
B
73) The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellar lobe.
B
76) Stimulation of the reticular formation results in A) sleep. B) increased consciousness. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) none of the above
B
80) The basal nuclei include which of the following? A) sensory nuclei B) caudate nucleus C) autonomic motor nuclei D) thalamus E) all of the above
B
85) Brain waves found on an EEG in normal adults under resting conditions are A) theta waves. B) alpha waves. C) beta waves. D) delta waves. E) all of the above
B
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include A) dilation of the pupils. B) increased secretion by digestive glands. C) dilation of respiratory passages. D) increased heart rate. E) increased tissue metabolism.
B
Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is transmitted through which cranial nerve? A) VI B) VII C) XI D) V E) X
B
Muscle spindles A) are found in cardiac muscle. B) are bundles of small, specialized skeletal muscle fibers. C) are controlled through the cranial nerves. D) are found mainly in smooth muscle. E) are not involved in stretch reflexes.
B
24) The polarization of a nerve fiber refers to having the A) sodium and potassium ions inside the cell. B) sodium ions inside the cell and potassium outside the cell. C) potassium ions inside the cell and sodium outside the cell. D) chloride ions inside the cell. E) hillock and knob at opposite ends.
C
25) Saltatory conduction A) occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous. B) occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking. C) is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon. D) is slower that conduction on an unmyelinated axon. E) occurs at the synapse.
C
40) The ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) zinc.
C
45) The specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord are termed A) cranial meninges. B) cranial mater. C) spinal meninges. D) spinal mater. E) epidural membranes.
C
49) Diffusion across the arachnoid villi returns excess CSF to A) the third ventricle. B) arterial circulation. C) venous circulation. D) the fourth ventricle. E) the central canal.
C
55) Enlargements of the spinal cord occur A) near the posterior median sulcus. B) adjacent to the anterior median fissure. C) in segments of the spinal cord that control the limbs. D) in the thoracic region of the spinal cord. E) none of the above
C
59) Gray matter in the spinal cord is mostly A) fissures. B) cerebrospinal fluid. C) interneurons. D) axons. E) myelin
C
68) Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are A) commissural areas. B) sensory areas. C) association areas. D) motor areas. E) processing areas.
C
72) The area anterior to the central sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) postcentral gyrus.
C
78) Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the A) cerebrum. B) midbrain. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla
C
86) Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle or eating A) only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum. B) involve little input from the brain. C) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. D) are controlled at the level of the spinal cord. E) do not require input from the cerebellum.
C
93) The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a A) somite. B) microtome. C) dermatome. D) sensory unit. E) motor unit.
C
A mixed nerve A) goes to many body parts. B) originates in different areas of the brain. C) contains both sensory and motor neurons. D) carries both somatic and autonomic impulses. E) always originates in a plexus.
C
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the A) oculomotor nerve. B) splanchnic nerves. C) vagus nerve. D) pelvic nerves. E) collateral nerve.
C
An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a(n) A) upper motor neuron. B) lower motor neuron. C) preganglionic neuron. D) postganglionic neuron. E) somatic motor neuron.
C
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatic motor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) both preganglionic and postganglionic innervation.
C
Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex. A) cross-extensor B) pupillary C) withdrawal D) knee-jerk E) ankle-jerk
C
36) Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks the sodium channels from opening. What effect would this have on the function of neurons? A) Neurons would depolarize more rapidly. B) Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase. C) The refractory period would be shorter than normal. D) The neurons would not be able to propagate action potentials. E) none of the above
D
4) Information received by the brain concerning internal or external environmental conditions is called a(n) A) action potential. B) effector. C) stimulus. D) sensation. E) response
D
48) What contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates? A) epidural space B) dural sinus C) arachnoid villi D) subarachnoid space E) pia mater
D
53) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the A) anterior gray horns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures.
D
56) The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31 E) 35
D
57) The horns of the spinal cord contain A) nerve tracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) nerve cell bodies. E) all of the above
D
61) Which of the following link(s) the cerebral hemispheres with the brain stem? A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) midbrain D) diencephalon E) cerebellum
D
66) The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the A) first. B) second. C) third. D) fourth. E) latera
D
67) The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.
D
7) Most neurons in the brain are A) bipolar. B) unipolar. C) anaxonic. D) multipolar. E) tripolar.
D
82) Which part of the following develops from the forebrain? A) central canal B) cerebellum C) pons D) thalamus E) midbrain
D
83) The cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) lateral sulcus. D) transverse fissure. E) corpus callosum
D
84) Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum? A) temperature regulation B) thirst sensation C) hunger sensation D) postural reflexes E) hormone production
D
88) The area of the CNS most concerned with balance is the A) spinal cord. B) thalamus. C) basal nuclei. D) cerebellum. E) cerebrum.
D
90) A disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words is termed A) amnesia. B) aphasia. C) apraxia. D) dyslexia. E) hemiaplasia
D
91) ________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma.
D
Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death. A) abducens B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) vagus E) hypoglossal
D
The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the A) size of the body region. B) distance of the body region from the brain. C) number of motor units in the region of the body. D) number of sensory receptors in the region of the body. E) size of the nerves that serve the region of the body.
D
The lobe at P is associated with A) vision. B) regulating of sleep. C) autonomic functions. D) determining the materials required for preparing and cooking a meal. E) biological rhythms.
D
The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the A) optic. B) oculomotor. C) trochlear. D) olfactory. E) vestibulocochlear.
D
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands? A) XII B) X C) VIII D) IX E) VI
D
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue? A) V B) IX C) III D) VII E) VI
D
Which pathway provides subconscious, involuntary control of muscle tone and movements of the neck, trunk, and limbs? A) spinothalamic B) spinocerebellar C) homuncular D) medial pathway E) posterior column
D
14) Which of the following is a glial cell? A) astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia E) all of the above
E
16) The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by A) astrocytes. B) ependymal cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) Schwann cells.
E
21) Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma are called A) polypolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar
E
65) A neural cortex is found on the surface of the A) cerebrum. B) midbrain. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) both A and C
E
69) The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) cerebellum. E) cerebrum.
E
74) The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the A) cerebellum. B) precentral gyrus. C) postcentral gyrus. D) midbrain. E) corpus callosum
E
79) What is the function of the cerebral association areas? A) to analyze and interpret sensory information B) memory C) reasoning D) learning E) all of the above
E
81) Which of the following is glandular tissue? A) third ventricle B) posterior pituitary C) thalamus D) hypothalamus E) anterior pituitary
E
94) The nerve that controls the biceps brachii muscle is the A) ulnar. B) radial. C) median. D) axillary. E) musculocutaneous
E
The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of A) sympathetic preganglionic fibers. B) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers. C) pelvic nerves. D) parasympathetic preganglionic fibers. E) sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
E
There are ________ pairs of spinal nerves. A) 6 B) 8 C) 10 D) 12 E) 31
E
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? A) musculocutaneous B) obturator C) axillary D) saphenous E) phrenic
E
Which of the following occurs from spinal segments T1 to L2? A) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers join the dorsal root of each spinal nerve. B) Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers join the dorsal root of each spinal nerve. C) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers join the ventral root of each spinal nerve. D) Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers join the ventral root of each spinal nerve. E) Sympathetic preganglionic fibers join the ventral root of each spinal nerve.
E
E
Which of these is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A) sympathetic chain ganglia B) the adrenal medullae C) parasympathetic chain D) sympathetic collateral ganglia E) cranial nerves
54) The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) bundles of axons that share common origins
destinations, and functions. B) bundles of dendrites that share common origins, destinations, and functions. C) sensory and motor nuclei. D) both axons and dendrites. E) interneurons.,A
28) The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell
initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. The proper sequence of these events is A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1 B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5 C) 5, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5 E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1,B
3) The three general functions of the nervous system are A) sensory
motor, and predictive. B) sensory, motor, and manipulative. C) sensory, motor, and integrative. D) reflexive, predictive, and motor. E) emotion, memory, and movement.,C
43) Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order? A) receptor
sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector B) receptor, effector, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron C) receptor, sensory neuron, effector, interneuron, motor neuron D) effector, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron E) receptor, interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector,A
30) The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli
the greater the intensity of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.,B
5) In general
the nervous system A) controls everything. B) is fast acting. C) is long lasting. D) responds to changes in the external environment only. E) all of the above,B
10) The cytoplasmic extensions that
together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are the A) axons. B) soma. C) synapses. D) dendrites. E) neurofibrils.,D
A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission? A) at the axon terminal B) at the axon hillock C) along the dendrite D) along the cell body membrane E) at the postsynaptic membrane
A
A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum.
A
Interneurons A) are found only in the central nervous system. B) carry only sensory impulses. C) carry only motor impulses. D) only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons. E) are found between neurons and their effectors.
A
The ________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system. A) afferent B) descending C) efferent D) motor E) spinal
A
The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain. A) pia mater B) subarachnoid space C) dura mater D) epidural space E) arachnoid
A
The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) microglia. D) ependymal cells. E) satellite cells.
A
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
A
The midbrain has a slender CSF-filled canal known as the A) cerebral aqueduct. B) lateral ventricle. C) medulla oblongata. D) fourth ventricle. E) third ventricle.
A
The premotor cortex of the cerebrum, involved in the planning and sequencing of muscle movements, is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) postcentral gyrus. C) hippocampus. D) parietal lobe. E) thalamus.
A
Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation? A) In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane. B) Continuous propagation results in one graded potential producing multiple action potentials. C) The action potential will die out along the axon if another graded potential does not occur. D) All voltage-gated channels along the axon open at the same time, allowing sodium to flow in simultaneously. E) The active transport of sodium and potassium through sodium-potassium ion pumps causes depolarization of the axon membrane.
A
You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the A) cerebral hemispheres. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) medulla oblongata. E) hippocampus.
A
You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the A) ascending and/or descending tracts. B) dorsal or ventral horns. C) central canal. D) dorsal root ganglia. E) gray commissure.
A
During continuous conduction, A) action potentials move in all directions along an axon. B) action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon. C) local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue along the membrane. D) the action potential starts at the beginning of the neuronal pathway and continues form neuron to neuron. E) local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions.
C
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur A) near the posterior median sulcus. B) adjacent to the anterior median fissure. C) in the cervical and lumbar regions. D) in the thoracic region of the spinal cord. E) in the cervical and thoracic regions.
C
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called A) polypolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.
C
Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are A) commissural areas. B) sensory areas. C) association areas. D) motor areas. E) processing areas.
C
Saltatory conduction A) occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous. B) occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking. C) is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon. D) produces a stronger action potential. E) occurs at the synapse.
C
Structure H is the A) midbrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) pons.
C
Structure O is the A) pituitary gland. B) pineal gland. C) optic chiasm. D) ocular nerve. E) hypothalamus.
C
The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands. A) cerebellum B) midbrain C) diencephalon D) pons E) medulla
C
Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the A) cerebrum. B) thalamus. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla.
C
Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes E) astrocytes
C
When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why? A) There are no spaces between the other areas of the vertebral column. B) There is a higher pressure within the subarachnoid space at that point, so it is easier to obtain a specimen. C) There are no spinal nerves located in that area. D) There would be no possible damage to the spinal cord itself when the needle is inserted into the space. E) The space where the needle is inserted is larger than anywhere else along the vertebral column.
D
Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates? A) epidural space B) dural sinus C) arachnoid villi D) subarachnoid space E) pia mater
D
Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system? A) providing sensation of the internal and external environments B) integrating sensory information C) coordinating voluntary and involuntary activities D) sending signals to muscles E) regulating or controlling peripheral structures and systems
D
Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons? A) serotonin B) dopamine C) GABA D) acetylcholine E) monoamine oxidase
D
Which structure secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin? A) epithalamus B) cerebellum C) pons D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata
D
________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma. A) Hemiaplasia B) Aphasia C) Dyslexia D) Amnesia E) Apraxia
D
In adults, the spinal cord usually extends to which level? A) tenth thoracic vertebra B) first sacral vertebra C) seventh cervical vertebra D) fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra E) first or second lumbar vertebra
E
Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called A) polypolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.
E
Structure B is the A) lateral sulcus. B) precentral gyrus. C) cerebral aqueduct. D) central sulcus. E) postcentral gyrus.
E
Structure E is the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) midbrain. D) pituitary gland. E) pineal gland.
E
Structure G divides the ________ and ________ cerebral lobes. A) frontal
E
Structure J is the A) midbrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) pons.
E
The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the A) cerebellum. B) precentral gyrus. C) postcentral gyrus. D) midbrain. E) corpus callosum.
E
The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) cerebellum. E) cerebrum.
E
Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers? A) inferior colliculus B) superior colliculus C) pons D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata
E
Which structure secretes melatonin? A) anterior pituitary gland B) superior colliculus C) posterior pituitary gland D) hypothalamus E) pineal gland
E