chapter 8

Nonprogrammed decisions require managers to use __________ rather than decision rules.

judgement and creativity

Decisions that recur infrequently and have no decision rules are __________ decision

nonprogrammed

Jim purchases stock in a public company and refuses to sell it even after their repeated drops from the original price. Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock, anticipating he will make a profit. This is an example of

sunk cost fallacy

. According to prospect theory, people are more motivated by

the potential for avoiding losses

An innate belief about something without conscious consideration is called

intuition

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the first step of the decision-making process?

problem recognition

It is possible for the same decision to be __________ for an experienced manager and nonprogrammed for a more junior manager.

programmed

_________ decisions tend to involve situations that occur often in a company.

programmed

A group member who discusses group deliberations with an expert outsider and reports his or her findings to the group is most likely trying to prevent

groupthink

The rational decision-making approach assumes decision makers

have clear goals and set intentiosn

Contingency plans are a part of what phase of the decision-making process?

implementation

The Delphi technique is designed for use by groups in the ---- phase

implementation

When applying concepts of __________, the decision maker knowingly accepts less than the best possible outcome.

satisficing

While driving home from a hard day at work, Susan finally realizes the solution to the problem she had been having with a certain customer. Susan just reached which stage of the creative process?

illumination

A person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called

"morality"

One basis for making programmed decisions is

These decisions are typically made using predetermined rules, policies, or guidelines

When __________ arises, a decision maker questions the decision made and searches for information to bolster it.

cognitive dissonsnce

The sales department at a local company determines that Product A will moderately boost sales and have a shorter production schedule, so it is decided that this product will be manufactured and sold without considering other options. In choosing this product, the sales department is

confirmation bias

Jim is using the rational decision-making process to decide a course of action for the marketing department. While selecting a preferred alternative, a fellow worker asks, "What if something unexpected happens during the implementation of the alternative we have selected?" This type of question is an example of

contingency planning

One important method for enhancing creativity is to make it a part of the organization's

culture

The fourth step of the creative process is

execution

What mode of thinking occurs when people are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group and members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action?

group think

Which of the following represents the step of the rational decision-making approach in which the outcomes of the decision are compared to the desired goal?

referred to as "Evaluating Alternatives." During this step, decision-makers assess each alternative solution or course of action against the established criteria, which include the desired goals and objectives.

__________ is the extent to which a decision maker is willing to gamble when making a decision.

risk tolerance

22. In __________, the decision maker examines alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found.

satisficing

The second step of the creative process is

During the incubation stage, individuals step away from the problem or idea they are trying to creatively address. It is a period of temporary disengagement from active thinking about the problem.

Any time a customer voices a complaint about the way the food tastes, the restaurant manager always offers a complimentary meal. This represents

a programmed decision

To help prevent groupthink, leaders should assign the role of __________ to each group member to allow each member to freely voice objections and doubts.

devils advocate

Being able to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called __________ thinking.

divergent thinking

The risk of groupthink may be curbed by increasing the __________ of senior managemen

diversity

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fifth step of the decision-making process?

selecting the best alternative

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the third step of the decision-making process?

setting objectives and criteria

According to the rational decision-making approach, evaluating the alternatives

step in the decision-making process

When groupthink occurs, silence is viewed as agreement. This most directly contributes to the

supression of dissenting opnions and critical thinking wihtin the group

The last step in the rational decision-making process is to

implenting and monitoring the decisions

what is behavioral approach

to decision-making is a perspective that focuses on how individuals and groups make decisions based on their observed behaviors, often taking into account psychological and cognitive factors.