Chapter 9

In protein synthesis, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells show similarities in all of the following EXCEPT the

number of proteins encoded on a single mRNA. use of formyl-methionine as the first amino acid.

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______.

origin of replication

The ______ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup is referred to as its (blank), whereas the expression of those genes is referred to as the organism's (blank)

genotype phenotype

The basic unit of DNA structure is a(n):

nucleotide

DNA polymerase (blank) is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand.

3

All new DNA strands are synthesized from (blank)

5' to 3'.

A (blank) binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

Corepressor

The replication (blank) is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.

Fork

Which enzyme synthesizes primer sequences during replication initiation?

Primase

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

Replication

Which pentose sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

Plasmids can be found in both (blank) and (blank).

bacteria, fungi

During eukaryotic protein synthesis, ______ ribosome(s) are used to translate mRNA that contains ______ gene(s).

many, one

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein or RNA.

gene

Which of the following types of RNA delivers the amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation?

tRNA

The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the (blank) sequence.

termination

insertion elements

the smallest transposable elements, consisting only of tandem repeats that are capable of inserting themselves into DNA but do not carry any genes

Any nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous (blank)

Base

Which is true regarding adenine and guanine?

Both are purines

In a protozoal or fungal cell, chromosomes are located in the

nucleus

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA (blank) I and III.

polymerase

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

In eukaryotes, which DNA sequences encode functional protein?

Exons

What must be replicated before a cell can divide through binary fission?

Genetic material

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?

Genome

Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?

In the nucleus

(blank) are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

Introns

Which type of mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein?

Missense

A ______ mutation results in early termination of the protein.

Nonsense

Which part of the control locus acts as an on/off switch for transcription?

Operator

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations.

Point

Which type of organisms have their DNA arranged into operons?

Prokaryotes

The initiation of transcription occurs when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a region of DNA called the (blank) region.

Promoter

______ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.

Proteins

Gram-positive cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through which component?

Proteins activated during cell adhesion

Which type of plasmids confer the ability of an organism to survive treatment by antibiotics?

R factors

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

If one strand of DNA reads 5'-AAGCGTTA-3', the complementary sequence would be 3'-(blank)-5'.

TTCGCAAT

Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?

The chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds

(blank) are able to shift from one part of the genome to another.

Transponsons

Transduction occurs through

a bacteriophage.

In DNA, a purine always combines with

a pyrimidine

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.

excision

Which component of DNA determines the 3' and 5' ends of the strands?

Carbons in the deoxyribose sugar

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with (blank) which encodes (blank) which encodes protein.

DNA, RNA

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?

F-

Which enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication?

Helicase

(blank) is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.

Heredity

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.

III, I

Any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens is a(n) (blank) mutation.

Induced

A(n) (blank) operon, such as the lac operon, is usually in the "off" position, but can be turned on when the appropriate substrate is present.

Inducible

The newly forming DNA strand that is discontinuously replicated in segments (Okazaki fragments) is called the (blank) strand.

Lagging

Which strand is replicated discontinuously in segments during DNA replication?

Lagging

Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication?

Leading

Which is an agent that induces changes in DNA?

Mutagen

The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are

adenine guanine thymine cytosine

Thymine and _______ are pyrimidines found in DNA.

cytosine

During transcription _______, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding complementary nucleotides to the mRNA strand.

elongation

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to (blank) stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and (blank)

enviromental, development

The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its _______, but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its _________.

genotype, phenotype

Which molecule contains the codons for the polypeptide?

mRNA

The ________ strand of DNA contains the order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA.

template

Nucleotides can only be added to the ____ end of a growing chain.

3'

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?

Heredity

Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base(blank)

Adenine

Which occur during posttranslational modification?

Cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes. Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures. Removal of formyl-methionine from the start of the polypeptide chain

(blank) in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

Conjugation

Before a bacterial cell can undergo binary fission, the (blank) must be duplicated.

DNA

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _____.

DNA

Genes are made up of ______, a macromolecule made up of nucleotides.

DNA

(blank)refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

Recombination

(blank) mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

Spontaneous

The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are cytosine and (blank)

Thymine

(blank) involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.

Transduction

Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells?

Transformation

Guanine and ______ are purine bases found in DNA.

adenine