chapter 9 assignment

synovial fluid

-provide nutrients -shock absorber -removes waste -lubricates articular cartilage -reduce friction -does NOT stabilize or strengthen joints -is NOT composed mainly of water

Running medially and anteriorly from the lateral condyle of the femur, the _____ attaches to the tibia anteriorly to the intercondylar eminence.

ACL

Choose the accurate statement(s) regarding the types of fibrous joints. Check all that apply.

In a syndesmosis, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable. In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. Sutures are immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other.

Choose the factors that determine a joint's range of motion. Check all that apply.

In many cases, joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone surfaces. Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. In many joints, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion.

The _____ resists posterior and lateral movement of the tibia due to the orientation of its fibers from the superior and medial origin on the femur to its lateral and posterior attachment on the tibia.

PCL

Select all that are true of synovial fluid.

Serves to lubricate the joint Is secreted by the synovial membrane Nourishes chondrocytes within the articular cartilage Absorbs shock in the joint

Bobby is a waiter at a busy restaurant, and he must carry trays of food out to diners at their tables. Which of the following describes the position of Bobby's radioulnar and elbow joints when he is carrying a tray of plates to a table?

Supinated radioulnar joints and flexed elbow

Select all that apply if a joint can only move in a single plane of space.

The joint may perform gliding motions. The joint may be between two carpals of the wrist.

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward, balance on little toe

Angular motion either increases or decreases the ____ between two bones. These movements may occur at many of the _____ joints. They include the following specific types: ___________ (decreasing or increasing the angle between bones), ________ (extension past anatomical position), __________ (bending of the spine to the side in a coronal plane) , ________ (moving a bone into or away from midline), _________ (the distal end of a limb moves in a circle).

angle synovial flexion and extension hyperextension lateral flexion abduction and adduction circumduction

Maurice was stretching before he started exercising. He bent over to touch his toes and locked his knees. Which knee ligament did Maurice put under increased strain as he performed this stretch?

anterior cruciate ligament

A place where a bone contacts another bone is called a joint or a(n) ______________.

articulation

A joint, or ______, is the place of contact between bones, between bone and _______, or between bones and teeth. Bones are said to ____ with each other at a joint. The scientific study of joints is called _____.

articulation; cartilage articulate, arthrology

The shoulder and hip joints are _______ joints.

ball and socket

glenohumeral is a _____ joint

ball and socket

A major dynamic stabilizer of anterior displacement of the humerus is the ______, which lies in the intertuburcular groove and attaches to the superior aspect of the glenoid rim.

biceps brachii tendon

articular capsule - synovial membrane

composed of areolar connective tissue lines the articular capsule

articular capsule - fibrous layer

composed of dense connective tissue stabilizes + strengthens the joint

articular cartilage

composed of hyaline cartilage reduces friction between bones

sutures replaced by plane joints

decrease in nervous system protection

symphyses replaced by synotoses

decreased spinal mobility

gomphoses replaced by pivot

decreased tooth stability and resilience

Flexion is movement in an anterior-posterior plane of the body that ______ the angle between the bones. Extension ________ the angle between the articulating bones. Abduction is a _______ movement of a body part _____ from the body midline. The opposite of abduction is adduction. This is the ______ movement of a body part ______ the body midline. Circumduction is a sequence of movements in which the ______ end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the ______ end makes a circular motion. The resulting movement is cone shaped. Circumduction is a complex movement that occurs as a result of a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

decreases increases lateral; away medial; toward proximal; distal

Select all the components of the hip joint that contribute to its stability.

deep acetabular socket acetabular labrum strong articular capsule reinforcing muscles and ligaments

coxal joint

deep bony socket complete capsule around joint has intracapsular ligaments for reinforcement ligamentum teres

special movements

depression, inversion, dorsiflexion

The _____ of the two articulating bones are bound by a broad ligamentous sheet called a(an) ______ membrane.

diaphyses; interosseous

Functionally, all synovial joints are classified as ______, since all are freely mobile. Each synovial joint is composed of a double-layered capsule called the _______. Its outer layer is the ______, and the inner layer is a synovial membrane. All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of _____ cartilage called articular cartilage. Only synovial joints house ______, a space that permits separation of the articulating bones. Lining the joint cavity is the _____, which secretes ______.

diarthroses articular capsule fibrous layer hyaline a joint cavity synovial membrane, synovial fluid

Which of the following are locations where you would find a synchondrosis? Check all that are correct.

epiphyseal plates in kids, the first sternocostal joint between first rib and the sternum, between each rib and its costal cartilage

Hannah is a ballerina, and she is practicing an arabesque. As she lifts her lower limb behind her, she is performing the action ______________, and the _____________ ligament is resisting this action.

extension; iliofemoral

The hip joint is the articulation between the head of the _____ and the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the os coxae.

femur

A symphysis has a pad of _____ between the articulating bones. This pad resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient _____. All symphyses are _______ — thus they allow _______. Examples of symphyses include the ______, which is located between the right and left pubic bones and the _______, where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both separated and united by intervertebral discs.

fibrocartilage shock absorber amphiarthroses; slight mobility pubic symphysis; intervertebral joints

Syndesmoses are _____ joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of ______ connective tissue only.

fibrous; dense regular

Laterally bracing the lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head, the _______ resists lateral separation of the knee due to medially applied loads.

fibular collateral ligament

Lily is looking up at a top shelf in her kitchen to get a mug. She must plantarflex her ankle to go up on to her tip toes and reach as high as she can. The movements at her neck and ankle utilize what types of levers?

first class lever; second class lever

Mara is vacuuming her living room. Which two actions is Mara performing at her glenohumeral joint as she pushes the vacuum back and forth?

flexion and extension

Select all that are examples of angular motion across a joint.

flexion, adduction

The _______, or shoulder joint, sacrifices stability for mobility and therefore requires active stabilization from muscles and passive stabilization from ligamentous structures.

glenohumeral

Lining the rim of the glenoid fossa is a ring of fibrocartilage called the _______, which serves to deepen the extremely shallow articulating surface of the glenoid.

glenoid labrum

fibrous joints

gomphoses sutures syndesmoses

A _____ resembles a "peg in a socket." The only example of these types of joints in the human body are the articulations of the roots of individual teeth with the sockets of the _____ (lower jaw) and the _____. A tooth is held firmly in place by fibrous _______. This joint is functionally classified as a _____.

gomphosis; mandible; maxillae periodontal membranes; synarthrosis

Cheyenne is studying movements of the humerus. She tries abducting her shoulder, while her humerus is medially rotated and again when it is laterally rotated. What bony prominence on the humerus is blocking Cheyenne from being able to easily abduct her shoulder when her humerus is medially rotated?

greater tubercle

glenohumeral joint

greatest range of motion most unstable joint most frequently dislocated joint indistinct or absent ligaments

Select all that are components of the hip joint.

head of femur acetabulum acetabular labrum

Which of the following activities of the hand uses flexion of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb?

holding a baseball

The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the ______ and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

humerus

An articulation in which bones are joined by ______ is called a synchondrosis. Functionally, all synchondroses are _____ and thus are classified as _____. The ______ in children form synchondroses that bind the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones. When bones stop growing, ______ replaces the synchondrosis and it no longer exists. Other examples of synchondroses are the ________ synchondrosis found between these bones of the skull and _______, the articulations between each bony rib, and its respective costal cartilage.

hyaline cartilage immobile; synarthroses epiphyseal plates osseous tissue spheno-occipital ; costochondral joints

While Abbie is texting, she is sitting in a slouched position and looking down at her phone. When she becomes uncomfortable, she looks up at the ceiling to stretch her neck in the opposite direction. Which of the following actions is she performing when she stretches her neck?

hyperextension

ball and socket replaced by hinge

inability to circumduct

syndesmoses replaced by synostoses

inability to pronate, or supinate

synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses

increase in respiratory difficulty

This _____ stability means that it has _______ than the glenohumeral joint.

increased; less mobility

abduction

lifting arm up

dorsiflexion

lifting toes up

Select all the reasons why the glenohumeral joint is unstable.

loose articular capsule

Increasing the depth of the articulating surface of the knee, much like the labra of the shoulder and hip, are fibrocartilaginous extensions of the synovial membrane called _______.

menisci

This joint has the _______ of any joint in the body. It is the most ______ joint in the body.

most mobility; unstable

circumduction

move that can involve all the angular movements a continuous sequence of all angular motions

hyperextension

movement at the neck when you look at the ceiling moving your wrist to a cocked back position

flexion

movement at the neck when you look down moving forearm toward the arm at the elbow

The motion permitted at a joint ranges from _______ such as where some skull bones interlock at a suture, to _______ like that seen at the shoulder, where the humerus articulates with the scapula. The ______ of each joint determines both its mobility and its stability. There is a(n) ____ relationship between mobility and stability in articulations. When the mobility of a joint increases, its stability _____. In contrast, if a joint is immobile, it has _____ stability.

no movement; extensive movement structure; inverse decreases; maximum

synovial joints

pivot condylar saddle plane hinge ball and socket

This membrane provides a ______ so the bones involved in the joint can move against one another.

pivot point

acromioclavicular is a _____ joint

plane

plantar flexion

pointing toes down

adduction

putting arm down

An example of a syndesmosis can be found between the ________

radius and ulna.

A lever is an elongated, rigid object that _____ around a fixed point called the _____. Levers have the ability to alter or change the _______ of movement produced by a force, the ____ of an applied force, and the force _____. Rotation occurs when a(n) _____ applied to one point on the lever exceeds a(n) ______ located at some other point.

rotates; fulcrum speed and distance, direction, strength effort, resistance

Teja is walking home from the library, and his friends drive past and honk to get his attention. While keeping his feet in place, what action can he perform at his intervertebral joints to turn around and wave as they go past?

rotation

The four muscles of the______ all originate on the scapula and produce forces that keep the humeral head in contact with the glenoid during movements powered by the larger musculature (e.g., latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectoralis major) crossing the joint.

rotator cuff

sternoclavicular is a ____ joint

saddle

joint cavity

separates articulating bones contains synovial fluid

The glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the ______ joint. It is a _______ joint formed by the articulation of the head of the ________ and the _______ of the scapula. Ligaments of the glenohumeral joint strengthen the joint only minimally. Most of the joint's strength is due to the _____ muscles surrounding it. These muscles work as a group to hold the head in the cavity. The tendons of these muscles encircle the joint and fuse with the _______. .

shoulder ball-and-socket; humerus; glenoid cavity rotator cuff articular capsule

Gliding is a ______ movement in which two opposing surfaces ______ back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another. In a gliding motion, the angle between the bones _____, and _____ movement is possible in any direction. Gliding motion typically occurs along _____ joints, such as between the _____ (wrist bones) or the _____ (ankle bones).

simple; slide does not change; limited plane; carpals; tarsals

Because syndesmoses allow _____ mobility, they are classified as ______.

slight, amphiarthroses

Abduction

spreading fingers apart lifting your arm up

Select all the joints associated with shoulder movement.

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral

The hip joint's deep bony socket is much _______ and more stable than that of the glenohumeral joint.

stronger

Bones joined together with hyaline cartilage between the ends of the bones are _____ and those with fibrocartilage between them are _____.

synchondroses symphyses

Bones that join together and are held in place with sheets of collagen between the bones are called _____, teeth held in sockets by a fibrous ligament are _____, and _____ are found between most of the bones of the skull.

syndesmoses gomphoses sutures

cartilaginous joints

syndochondroses symphyses

The most complex joints are _____, which display varying amounts of mobility.

synovial

The ________ is one of the two major extracapsular ligaments of the knee. It provides protection from medial displacement if there is a laterally applied force.

tibial collateral ligament

Select all the articulations that make up the knee joint.

tibiofemoral patellofemoral

The ________ is an extremely complicated synovial joint due to its potential for mutiaxial motion when flexed.

tibiofemoral joint

Spanning the intertuburcular groove of the proximal humerus, the _______ ligament works to keep the biceps tendon in place during contractions of the biceps muscle.

transverse humeral

Connecting the medial and lateral menisci across the center of the articulating surface, the ________ provides a strut against separation.

transverse ligament

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward, balance on big toe

synostoses replaced by synchondroses

unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia