Chapter 9 - Digestive System Smartbook

Select all functions of the large intestine.

-absorb water -forms feces -absorb some vitamins

Select all correct descriptions of the liver.

-removes poisonous substances from the blood -receives blood from the GI tract -composed of a large number of functional units called lobules -largest gland in body

What portion of the child population in the US is obese?

15-20%

What portion of the adult population in the US is obese?

30-40%

The small intestine of an adult human is about how long?

6 meters

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

Select all common symptoms or signs of lactose intolerance.

Bloating Excessive gas Abdominal cramps

Select all of the following that are functions of the liver.

Converts amino groups from excess amino acids to urea Stores iron and certain vitamins Regulates blood glucose by producing or breaking down glycogen Produces bile

Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Type 1 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Which of the following are functions of the stomach?

Digestion of proteins Storage of food Control movement of food into small intestine

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

True or false: Alcohol can be absorbed by the stomach.

False

True or false: Essential amino acids are those that can be produced by the body.

False

True or false: Obesity is exceeding the body mass index of 20 or greater.

False

Select all the characteristics of the tongue.

Forms a food bolus Covered by mucous membrane Made of skeletal muscle Has taste buds

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Increases the output and production of pancreatic juice and bile

Secretin

Increases the output of pancreatic juice

Gastrin

Increases the output of the gastrin glands

ingestion

Intake of food

The small intestine is so named because it

It has a smaller intestine

Select all of the statements that describe the stomach.

It has a thick wall. When the stomach is empty, deep folds or rugae are visible.

The stomach is shaped most like the letter

J

Select all essential fatty acids from this list of nutrients.

Linoleic acid Linolenic acid

Select all correct characterizations of the gallbladder.

Located below the liver Stores bile Pear-shaped organ

Select all of the accessory organs of the human digestive system.

Pancreas Gallbladder Liver

Which enzyme begins the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

Pancreatic amylase

Which of the following increase the chances for hemorrhoid development?

Pregnancy Chronic constipation Aging

Select the purposes of the guideline to a healthy diet.

Prevent chronic disease Promote maintaining a healthy weight Promote health

Which of the following are functions of the pancreas?

Produces enzymes to break down all types of food Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid

pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

small intestine

The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place.

How do fat and water-soluble vitamins differ?

They differ in how they are transported by the body. They differ in their interaction with body tissues. They differ in how they are stored within cells. They differ in how the compound gets absorbed in the body.

What disease, usually diagnosed during childhood, occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin, despite the body's cells being able to process insulin normally?

Type 1 diabetes

Select all of the following vitamins that are fat soluble.

Vitamin A Vitamin K

The major function of the large intestine is to

absorb water

Proteins are made of "building blocks" called

amino acids

The enzyme that functions in the small intestine to digest carbohydrates is pancreatic

amylase

Trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

Which types of food are good sources of dietary protein for vegetarians?

beans nuts tofu

In preparation for swallowing, the tongue forms chewed food into a mass called

bolus

In the digestive tract, the lumen is defined as the

central space

Mouth

chews and mixes food with saliva

Select all of the parts of the large intestine.

colon, cecum, rectum

Which condition can result from inadequate water and fiber intake?

constipation

Which symptom of disease usually arises when an infection or nervous stimulation irritates the bowel wall, resulting in increase peristalsis?

diarrhea

A duct brings bile from the gallbladder directly into the

duodenum

The first 25 cm of the small intestine is called the

duodenum

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes directly into the

duodenum

The function of bile is to

emulsify fats

The component of the food passageway that leads away from the pharynx is the

esophagus

The pharynx opens into both the trachea and

esophagus

Fatty acids that the human body requires but cannot synthesize, which therefore must be obtained via the diet, are called

essential fatty acids

Amino acids that cannot be produced by the body are called amino acids.

essentiql

True or false: Good dietary sources of complex carbohydrates include beans, peas, nuts, and red meat.

false

Select all types of lipids.

fats, oils, cholesterol

What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?

fear of getting fat

Which type of food has a high glycemic index?

foods that quickly increases blood glucose

Select all of the following foods that are good sources of complex carbohydrates.

fruits, nuts, beans

Complex carbohydrates are digested to

glucose

Which of the following is a simple sugar?

glucose

Foods that quickly increase the blood glucose are said to have a high__________ index.

glycemic

Chronic constipation can lead to enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of the anus known as

hemorrhoids

In addition to secreting digestive enzymes, the pancreas is an endocrine organ, because it secretes such as insulin.

horomones

The ultimate purpose of digestion is to

hydrolyze food

Organic macromolecules are too big to cross the plasma membrane of cells. Therefore, they need to be

hydrolyzed

When blood glucose levels are too high, the pancreas produces the hormone

insulin

People who do not produce the enzyme lactase in their small intestine have the condition called lactose

intolerance

The main sugar present in milk is

lactose

The cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal make up the

large intestine

Stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

A mineral is considered to be a trace mineral if a normal person requires how much in their diet per day?

less than 100 mg

Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all what type of nutrient?

lipids

Cholesterol transported by HDL is metabolized in what organ?

liver

HDLs transport cholesterol to

liver

The largest gland in the human body is the

liver

When blood glucose becomes low, which organ releases glucose by breaking down glycogen?

liver

Select the correct statements about the pancreas.

located in back of abdomen behind the stomach secretes insulin secretes enzymatic juices that aid in digestion

The open area or central space in the GI tract is called the

lumen

The tonsils are made of what type of tissue?

lymphatic

If a normal person requires more than 100 mg of a mineral per day, this is a mineral

major

The condition that is a severe psychological disorder characterized by an irrational fear of getting fat is called anorexia

nervosa

Select the two major causes of diarrhea.

nervous stimulation infections of the lower intestinal tract

NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)

neutralizes acid

A required component of food that performs a physiological function in the body is called a

nutrients

Components of food that provide energy and promote growth and development are called

nutrients

According to current health standards, is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater.

obesity

mouth is also known as

oral

Lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

liver

produces bile

Amino acids are the breakdown product of dietary

proteins

Select all of the foods that the Department of Agriculture and Health and Human Services recommends should be included in a healthy diet.

proteins fruits vegetables

Digestive hormones produced by the wall of the duodenum that control secretions include cholecystokinin and

secretin

Which of the following is produced by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid?

sodium bicarbonate

The uvula is a finger-shaped structure that projects from the

soft palate

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Areas of lymphatic tissue located in the back of the mouth, on either side of the tongue, are called the

tonsils

True or false: Both mechanical and limited chemical digestion occurs in the mouth.

true

What is an enzyme produced by the pancreas for the digestion of proteins?

trypsin

Which of the following acts in the small intestine to breakdown protein?

trypsin

The soft palate ends in a finger-shaped projection of soft tissue called the

uvula