Chapter 9 - Digestive System Smartbook
Select all functions of the large intestine.
-absorb water -forms feces -absorb some vitamins
Select all correct descriptions of the liver.
-removes poisonous substances from the blood -receives blood from the GI tract -composed of a large number of functional units called lobules -largest gland in body
What portion of the child population in the US is obese?
15-20%
What portion of the adult population in the US is obese?
30-40%
The small intestine of an adult human is about how long?
6 meters
Esophagus
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Rectum
A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated
Select all common symptoms or signs of lactose intolerance.
Bloating Excessive gas Abdominal cramps
Select all of the following that are functions of the liver.
Converts amino groups from excess amino acids to urea Stores iron and certain vitamins Regulates blood glucose by producing or breaking down glycogen Produces bile
Type 2 diabetes
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.
Type 1 diabetes
Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Which of the following are functions of the stomach?
Digestion of proteins Storage of food Control movement of food into small intestine
Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
True or false: Alcohol can be absorbed by the stomach.
False
True or false: Essential amino acids are those that can be produced by the body.
False
True or false: Obesity is exceeding the body mass index of 20 or greater.
False
Select all the characteristics of the tongue.
Forms a food bolus Covered by mucous membrane Made of skeletal muscle Has taste buds
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Increases the output and production of pancreatic juice and bile
Secretin
Increases the output of pancreatic juice
Gastrin
Increases the output of the gastrin glands
ingestion
Intake of food
The small intestine is so named because it
It has a smaller intestine
Select all of the statements that describe the stomach.
It has a thick wall. When the stomach is empty, deep folds or rugae are visible.
The stomach is shaped most like the letter
J
Select all essential fatty acids from this list of nutrients.
Linoleic acid Linolenic acid
Select all correct characterizations of the gallbladder.
Located below the liver Stores bile Pear-shaped organ
Select all of the accessory organs of the human digestive system.
Pancreas Gallbladder Liver
Which enzyme begins the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine?
Pancreatic amylase
Which of the following increase the chances for hemorrhoid development?
Pregnancy Chronic constipation Aging
Select the purposes of the guideline to a healthy diet.
Prevent chronic disease Promote maintaining a healthy weight Promote health
Which of the following are functions of the pancreas?
Produces enzymes to break down all types of food Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid
pancreas
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood
large intestine
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
small intestine
The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place.
How do fat and water-soluble vitamins differ?
They differ in how they are transported by the body. They differ in their interaction with body tissues. They differ in how they are stored within cells. They differ in how the compound gets absorbed in the body.
What disease, usually diagnosed during childhood, occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin, despite the body's cells being able to process insulin normally?
Type 1 diabetes
Select all of the following vitamins that are fat soluble.
Vitamin A Vitamin K
The major function of the large intestine is to
absorb water
Proteins are made of "building blocks" called
amino acids
The enzyme that functions in the small intestine to digest carbohydrates is pancreatic
amylase
Trypsin
an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
Which types of food are good sources of dietary protein for vegetarians?
beans nuts tofu
In preparation for swallowing, the tongue forms chewed food into a mass called
bolus
In the digestive tract, the lumen is defined as the
central space
Mouth
chews and mixes food with saliva
Select all of the parts of the large intestine.
colon, cecum, rectum
Which condition can result from inadequate water and fiber intake?
constipation
Which symptom of disease usually arises when an infection or nervous stimulation irritates the bowel wall, resulting in increase peristalsis?
diarrhea
A duct brings bile from the gallbladder directly into the
duodenum
The first 25 cm of the small intestine is called the
duodenum
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes directly into the
duodenum
The function of bile is to
emulsify fats
The component of the food passageway that leads away from the pharynx is the
esophagus
The pharynx opens into both the trachea and
esophagus
Fatty acids that the human body requires but cannot synthesize, which therefore must be obtained via the diet, are called
essential fatty acids
Amino acids that cannot be produced by the body are called amino acids.
essentiql
True or false: Good dietary sources of complex carbohydrates include beans, peas, nuts, and red meat.
false
Select all types of lipids.
fats, oils, cholesterol
What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?
fear of getting fat
Which type of food has a high glycemic index?
foods that quickly increases blood glucose
Select all of the following foods that are good sources of complex carbohydrates.
fruits, nuts, beans
Complex carbohydrates are digested to
glucose
Which of the following is a simple sugar?
glucose
Foods that quickly increase the blood glucose are said to have a high__________ index.
glycemic
Chronic constipation can lead to enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of the anus known as
hemorrhoids
In addition to secreting digestive enzymes, the pancreas is an endocrine organ, because it secretes such as insulin.
horomones
The ultimate purpose of digestion is to
hydrolyze food
Organic macromolecules are too big to cross the plasma membrane of cells. Therefore, they need to be
hydrolyzed
When blood glucose levels are too high, the pancreas produces the hormone
insulin
People who do not produce the enzyme lactase in their small intestine have the condition called lactose
intolerance
The main sugar present in milk is
lactose
The cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal make up the
large intestine
Stomach
large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food
A mineral is considered to be a trace mineral if a normal person requires how much in their diet per day?
less than 100 mg
Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all what type of nutrient?
lipids
Cholesterol transported by HDL is metabolized in what organ?
liver
HDLs transport cholesterol to
liver
The largest gland in the human body is the
liver
When blood glucose becomes low, which organ releases glucose by breaking down glycogen?
liver
Select the correct statements about the pancreas.
located in back of abdomen behind the stomach secretes insulin secretes enzymatic juices that aid in digestion
The open area or central space in the GI tract is called the
lumen
The tonsils are made of what type of tissue?
lymphatic
If a normal person requires more than 100 mg of a mineral per day, this is a mineral
major
The condition that is a severe psychological disorder characterized by an irrational fear of getting fat is called anorexia
nervosa
Select the two major causes of diarrhea.
nervous stimulation infections of the lower intestinal tract
NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
neutralizes acid
A required component of food that performs a physiological function in the body is called a
nutrients
Components of food that provide energy and promote growth and development are called
nutrients
According to current health standards, is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater.
obesity
mouth is also known as
oral
Lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
liver
produces bile
Amino acids are the breakdown product of dietary
proteins
Select all of the foods that the Department of Agriculture and Health and Human Services recommends should be included in a healthy diet.
proteins fruits vegetables
Digestive hormones produced by the wall of the duodenum that control secretions include cholecystokinin and
secretin
Which of the following is produced by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid?
sodium bicarbonate
The uvula is a finger-shaped structure that projects from the
soft palate
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
Pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
Areas of lymphatic tissue located in the back of the mouth, on either side of the tongue, are called the
tonsils
True or false: Both mechanical and limited chemical digestion occurs in the mouth.
true
What is an enzyme produced by the pancreas for the digestion of proteins?
trypsin
Which of the following acts in the small intestine to breakdown protein?
trypsin
The soft palate ends in a finger-shaped projection of soft tissue called the
uvula