Chapter 9: Intelligence

PKU (Phenylketonvuria)

Genetic caused by a lack of an important enzyme causing a destructive chemical to build up; dopamine levels are low If untreated, severe ID is expected by age A diet of low phenylalanine (found in aspartame) prevents the onset of intellectual regression

Binet devised the idea of...

Mental Age," which is the measure of intelligence where an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of average abilities of a given age group.

Levels of Disability

Mild - Educable, can live alone, & make up 85% of all ID Moderate - Trainable & can master basic language and self help skills Severe - Dependent but can master basic language and self help skills Profound - total care is required

Knowledge

assesses the person's knowledge about a wide range of topics

Intelligence tests

attempt to measure general mental abilities (G-factor) rather than accumulated knowledge or aptitude for a specific subject or area. Intelligence tests measure ability to learn or potential to learn

IQ

comparison of people in similar age groups

IQ - Intelligence Quotient

derived by dividing the individual's mental age (derived from the test) by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100

Objectivity and Standardization

Administered to large groups of people that represent the population under uniform conditions to establish norms

The WAIS had two advantages over the Stanford-Binet.

1. It was specifically designed for adults, rather than for children. 2. It provided scores on 11 subtests measuring different abilities. The subtest scores are grouped to provide an overall verbal score and an overall performance score.

The WAIS's design reflected Wechsler's belief that intelligence involves a variety of different mental abilities

1. Wechsler's test provided an overall, global IQ score, but he changed the way that the IQ score was calculated—comparing an individual's scores with the scores of others in the same general age group. The average score for a particular age group was statistically fixed at 100. Revised in 1981 and again in 1997, the WAIS today is known as the WAIS-IV and remains the most commonly administered intelligence test. Wechsler also developed two tests for children: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(WPPSI), which are the most commonly given IQ tests to children

Valid

Ability of a measure to measure what the testis intended to measure

Reliable

Ability of a measure to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions

IQ & Socio-Economic Status (SES) (Environmental Influences)

Adopted children resemble adopted parent IQ score (genes didn't seem to matter) Children from higher SES have higher IQ's than those in lower SES ;children from low SES, adopted into high SES show gains in IQ SES is one of the biggest factors contributing to the difference in scores between groups Researchers have scientifically estimated heritability, which is the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity. The currently accepted heritability estimate for intelligence is about 50percent for the general population; that is, about 50 percent of the difference in IQ scores within a given population is due to genetic factors. Remember that these estimates apply only to groups—not to specific individuals.

GATE - Gifted and Talented Education

Allows bright children to participate in programs that combine classroom enrichment with fast paced instruction to satisfy the gifted child's need for stimulation Also called Horizons, Gifted, Eagles, Tops, Stars ,etc. in public schools

Hydrocephaly

Also known as water on the brain due to build up on CSF in the ventricles of the brain which creates pressure and brain damage; about 10,000 hydrocephalic babies are born each year in Canada and US A shunt is inserted allowing the extra CSF to drain into the abdomen which can prevent severe brain damage; despite these, many children still score below average on IQ tests

Lewis Terman

American Psychologist at Stanford University, translated and adapted the Binet-Simon Intelligence test for use in the US and renamed it Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Sternberg has proposed a different conception of intelligence, which he calls successful intelligence, which involves three distinct types of mental abilities

Analytic intelligence- refers to the mental processes used in learning how to solve problems, such as picking a problem-solving strategy and applying it. Creative intelligence- is the ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge. Practical intelligence- involves the ability to adapt to the environment and often reflects what is commonly called "street smarts

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Caused by insufficient supply of thyroxin, which can be a result of a lack of iodine Causes stunted physical and intellectual growth that cannot be reversed; can be treated early with thyroid hormone replacement to prevent brain damage

Do our IQ scores stay the same across our lives?

Early childhood IQ scores do not correlate well with adult IQ scores, but middle school IQ scores are a better predictor of adult IQ scores

Crystalized intelligence

Effective use of prior knowledge

Causes of Disability

For many, there is no biological reason is identified for the ID but there is a familial intellectual disability where other family members are mildly disabled. For about half, the cause is organic and include birth injuries, fetal damage. Metabolic disorder, gene abnormalities, and teratogens also are

Fluid intelligence

High level of g; ability to solve novel problems with perceptual speed or rapid insight

How much does age impact IQ

IQ gradually increases to age 40 with a slow decline after that .Fluid intelligence (solving novel problems with speed or rapid insight) decreases with age, whereas, Crystallized intelligence(solving problems with already acquired knowledge) can increase or suffer little decline with age

Giftedness & Achievement

IQ only measures potential not achievement. To be successful, intelligence helps, but a person must also be persistent and motivated

Do males' and females' IQ scores differ?

In the past, women scored higher on verbal and men scored higher on math but those differences have almost disappeared

nine independent intelligences—with each being defined within the context of a particular culture

Language - linguistic abilities Logic & Math - logic and number abilities Visual & Spatial - pictorial abilities Music - musical abilities Bodily-kinesthetic - physical abilities Intrapersonal - self-knowledge Interpersonal - social abilities Naturalist - ability to understand the natural environment Existential - ability to understand spirituality and existence

Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21)

Most common; Occurs in 1 out of 800 babies where there is an extra 21 at chromosome and is genetic ;more likely with older mothers (late 40's 1/12 births)

Fragile X Syndrome

Second most common; Occurs in 1 out of 3800 babies where there is a repeating of a specific genetic code on the X chromosome and is hereditary; more likely to occur in boys due to being sex-linked Mildly ID as children but severe or profound by adulthood; Males have long thin faces, big ears, larger than average in childhood but smaller than average by adolescence, typically have ADHD and avoid eye contact

Twin Studies (Hereditary Influences)

Siblings - IQ scores are more similar than unrelated people Fraternal twins - more similar IQ scores than regular siblings due to parents treating twins more alike than regular siblings (Environment) Identical twins raised separately - IQ scores more similar than regular siblings but still not as closely related as Identical Raised together (Environment) Identical raised together - Identical twins share exactly the same genes. Any dissimilarities between them must be due to environmental factors rather than to hereditary differences. IQ scores are very similar (Heredity) The closer the genetic relationship, the more similar the IQ scores.

Microcephaly

Skull is extremely small or fails to grow preventing the brain from having the space to grow Typically institutionalized but loving and cooperative

Aptitude

a capacity for learning certain abilities, such as learning a foreign language

Howard Gardner

a contemporary American psychologist, contends that there are "multiple intelligences"—nine independent intelligences—with each being defined within the context of a particular culture

Robert Sternberg

agrees with Gardner that intelligence is a much broader quality than is reflected in the narrow range of mental abilities measured by a conventional IQ test ,but proposed three different categories

The use of mental images and concepts, problem solving and decision making, and the use of language...

all makeup aspects of what we commonly call Intelligence

David Wechsler

an American psychologist, developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which was first published in 1955. Now the WAIS is more widely used than the Stanford-Binet.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

emphasizes both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a particular social and cultural environment

Deviation IQ's

extremely high (above 130) and extremely low scores (below 70) are outliers

Intellectually disabled (formerly called mentally retarded)

have a developmental disability, an IQ score below 70, or a significant impairment of adaptive behavior

Alfred Binet, French psychologist, and Théodore Simon, French Psychiatrist used children...

in Franceto develop the first intelligence tests in 1905

Giftedness

is the possession of a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes. Signs of giftedness: 1. Tendency to seek out older children and adults 2. Early fascination with explanations and problem solving 3.Talking in complete sentences as early as 2 or 3 4. Unusually good memory 5. Precocious talent in art, music, or number skills 6. Early interest in books and reading by age 3

Quantitative Reasoning

measure a person's ability to solve problems involving numbers

Achievement tests

measure information learned

Working Memory

measures the ability to use short-term memory

Visual-Spatial Processing

putting together picture puzzles and copying geometric shapes.

Fluid Reasoning

reasoning needed to solve novel problems involving perceptual speed or rapid insight

Intelligence

the Global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment

G-factor

the general level of intelligence including mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving ,knowledge, working memory, and representing knowledge