Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue

The endomysium is a wispy sheath of (c)__________ tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber. It consists of fine areolar connective tissue

connective

Like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells are __________, but cardiac muscle is not __________

striated, voluntary

A repeating series of dark and light bands, and are evident along the length of each myofibril are known as __________

striations

Skeletal muscle fibers are longest of all muscle and have __________(stripes)

striations

Smooth muscle in organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts propels __________(foodstuffs, urine, semen) through the organs and along the tract

substances

A cord of dense regular connective tissue attaching muscle to bone is known as __________

tendon

Muscles generate heat as they __________, which plays a role in maintaining normal body __________

heat, temperature

Myoglobin is similar to __________, the pigment that transports oxygen in the blood

hemoglobin

_________ attachments are much more common because of their durability and small size.

indirect

Movable attachment of a muscle is known as the point of __________ and attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction is known as the point of __________

insertion, origin

The epimysium is an "overcoat" of dense (i)__________ connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

irregular

The H zone of the A band appears __________(less/more) dense because the thin filaments do not extend into this regions

less

Skeletal muscles are responsible for all __________ and manipulation

locomotion

Even as muscles pull on bones to cause __________, muscles strengthen and stabilize the joints of the skeleton

movement

Muscles perform at least four important functions for the body: (1) produce __________ (2) maintain body __________ and body __________ (3) stabilize __________ (4) generate __________

movement, posture, position, joints, heat

Organs that attach to and cover the skeleton are known as skeletal __________ tissue or voluntary muscle

muscle

Sarcomere literally means "__________ segment"

muscle

__________ tissue makes up nearly half the bodies mass

muscle

A __________ attaches muscles to bones, whereas a __________ connects bones at joints

muscle, ligament

Three different prefixes for muscle are ___, mys, and _____

myo, sarco

Rod like bundle of contractile filaments "myofilaments" found in muscle fibers (cells) is known as ___________ (mi'o-fi'bril)

myofibril

__________ are densely packed, rod like elements

myofibril

In addition to the usual organelles, the muscle cell contains three specialized structures: (m)__________, (s)__________ (r)__________, (t)__________

myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules

Filament that constitutes myofibrils are known as __________

myofilament

An orderly arrangement of actin and myosin myofilaments within a sarcomere is known as __________

myofilaments

Sarcomeres contain even smaller rod like structures called __________

myofiliaments

Oxygen-binding red pigment in muscle is known as __________ (mi'o-glo'bin)

myoglobin

Unlike cells of cardiac and smooth muscle tissues, which can contract without nerve stimulation, every skeletal muscle fiber is supplied with a __________ ending that controls its activity

nerve

In general, one _________, one __________ and one or more __________ serve each muscle

nerve, artery, veins

Skeletal muscle is an organ made up of different tissues with three features: (1) __________ and __________ supply (2) __________ tissue sheaths and (3) __________

nerve, blood, connective, attachments

Each skeletal muscle fiber is a long cylindrical cell with multiple oval __________ just beneath its sacrolemma or plasma membrane

nuclei

Skeletal muscle has a rich blood supply. This is understandable because contracting muscle fibers use huge amounts of __________ and require almost continuous delivery of __________ and nutrients via the arteries

nutrients, oxygen

"Epimysium" literally translates to "__________ the muscle"

outside

Cardiac muscle tissue usually contracts at a fairly steady rate set by the heart's __________, but neural controls allow the heart to speed up for brief periods

pacemaker

Connective tissue that bundles muscle fibers into fascicles is known as __________ (per'i-mis'e-um)

perimysium

Surrounding each fascicle is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called __________

perimysium

Skeletal muscle can exert tremendous __________, and is also remarkable __________

power, adaptable

The m line in the center of the H zone is slightly darker because of the fine (p)_________ strand there that hold adjacent thick filaments together

protein

The special characteristic of muscle tissue excitability is the ability of a cell to __________ and __________ to a stimulus by changing its membrane potential

receive, respond

The special characteristic of muscle tissue elasticity is the ability of a muscle cell to __________ and resume it resting length after stretching

recoil

The special characteristic of muscle tissue excitability is also known as (r)_________

responsiveness

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is known as __________, or plasma membrane

sarcolemma

The smallest contractile unit of muscle is known as __________

sarcomere

Myofibrils are made up of a chain of (s)__________ linked end to end

sarcomers

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is known as __________

sarcoplasm

The special characteristic of muscle tissue contractility is the ability to __________ forcibly when adequately stimulated

shorten

Muscle cells __________ when contracting, but they can be __________, even beyond their resting length, when relaxed

shorten, stretched

The central __________(thick/thin) filaments containing myosin extend the entire length of the A band. They are connected in the middle of the sarcomere at the M line

thick

The more lateral __________ (thick/thin) filaments containing actin extend across the I band and partway into the A band.

thin

Skeletal muscles contract rapidly, but __________ easily and must __________ after short periods of activity

tire, rest

A hexagonal arrangement of __________ tin filaments surrounds each thick filament, and __________ thick filaments enclose each thin filament

six,three

Muscle composed of cylindrical multi nucleate cells with obvious striations is known as __________ muscle tissue

skeletal

Three types of muscle tissue are __________, __________, and __________

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Only __________ muscle cells and __________ muscle cells are elongated and referred to as muscle fibers

skeletal, smooth

When you think of skeletal muscle tissue, the key words to keep in mind are : (s)__________, (s)___________ and (v)__________

skeletal, striated, voluntary

__________ muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages

smooth

Each H zone is bisected vertically by a dark line called the _____ zone (M is for middle) formed by molecules of the protein myomesin

M

The __________ line, formed by molecules of the protein myomesin, sits smack in the center of the A band

M

A fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part is moves is known as __________

aponeurosis

In indirect attachments, the muscle's connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle either as a rope like tendon or as a sheet like __________ (ap'o-nu-ro'sis)

aponeurosis

"Perimysium" literally translated to " __________ the muscle"

around

Most skeletal muscles span joints and attach to _________ (or other structures) in at least two places

bones

A single muscle fiber can contain __________ of rod like myofibrils that run parallel to its length

1000

Myofibrils account for _____% of muscle cell volume

80

The sarcomere contains a whole _____ band with half an ______ band at each end. ( I --A--I )Within each myofibril, the sarcomere alight end to end like boxcars in a train

A,I

Each dark A band has a lighter region in its midsection called the _____ zone. (H is for helle; bright)

H

Each light I band also has a midline interruption, a darker area called the _____ disc (or Z line)

Z

The _________ disc, a protein sheet, anchors the thin I filaments and sits smack in the center of the I filaments.

Z

The myofilaments are held in alignment at the _____ discs and the _____ lines, and are anchored to the sarcolemma at the Z discs

Z,A

Two types of myfilament are (a)__________ and (m)__________

actin, myosin

The region of a myofibril ___________ two successive Z discs is a sarcomere.

between

Skeletal muscle fibers contain __________-regulated molecular motors

calcium

__________ muscle tissue occurs only in the heart, where is constitutes the bulk of the heart wall

cardiac

Blood courses through your body because of the rhythmically beating (c)__________ muscle of you heart and (s)__________ muscle in the walls of your blood vessels, which helps maintain __________ pressure

cardiac, smooth, blood

When you think of cardiac muscle tissue, the key words to keep in mind are : (c)__________, (s)___________ and (i)__________

cardiac, striated, involuntary

Muscle fiber is synonymous to muscle __________

cell

In an intact muscle, there are several different connective tissue sheaths. Together these sheaths support each __________ and reinforce and hold together the __________, preventing the bulging muscled from bursting during exceptionally strong contractions

cell, muscle

The special characteristic of muscle tissue excitability is the ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus. The stimulus is usually a __________, for example, a neurotransmitter released by a nerve cell

chemical

Muscle tissue can transform __________ energy (ATP) into directed _________ energy, which is then capable of exerting ________

chemical, mechanical, force

In an intact muscle fiber, the ______(dark/light) A bands and the _____(dark/light) I bands are nearly perfectly aligned, giving muscle it's striated appearance

dark, light

Muscle attachments, whether origin or insertion, may be _________ or indirect

direct

Thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell is known as __________ (en'do-mis'e-um)

endomysium

Three connective tissue sheaths are the (____)mysium, (_____)mysium and the (_____)mysium

epi, peri, endo

Sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle is known as the __________(ep'i-mis'e-um)

epimysium

Four special characteristics of muscle tissue are: (e)__________, (c)__________, (e)__________, and (e)__________

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

The special characteristic of muscle tissue extensibility is the ability to __________ or __________

extend, stretch

Bundles of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue is known as __________

fascicles

Within each skeletal muscle, the muscle fibers are grouped into __________ that resemble bundles of sticks

fascicles

Muscle __________ is synonymous to muscle cell

fiber

Myofilament is also known as _____________

filaments

In direct, or (f)__________ attachments, the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of a bone or perichondrium of a cartilage

fleshy

The role of smooth muscle tissue is to force __________ and other substances through internal body channels

fluids

Granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during muscle cell activity for ATP production are known as __________

glycosomes

Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of a muscle cell, is similar to the cytoplasm of other cells, but it contains unusually large amounts of (g)__________(glycogen storage) and (m)__________ (O2 storage)

glycosomes, myoglobin

Smooth muscle also forms (v)__________ to regulate the passage of substance through internal body openings, dilates and constricts the _________ of your eyes, and forms the arrector pili muscles attached to __________ follicles

valves, pupils, hair

When you think of smooth muscle tissue, the key words to keep in mind are : (v)__________, (n)___________ and (i)__________

visceral, not striated, involuntary

Skeletal muscle tissue is also known as ____________ muscle because it is the only type subject to conscious control

voluntary

Muscle cells also give off large amounts of metabolic __________ that must be removed through veins if contraction is to remain efficient

waste

When describing muscle, what does "striated" mean?

with stripes

"Endomysium" literally translates to "__________ the muscle"

within