Chapter 9

Highest rate of alcohol involvement in traffic fatalities is among 21 to 24 year olds.

Almost 40% of the fatalities in this age group were alcohol-related.

About 85% of all fatally injured drivers who had been drinking are male.

Almost 90% of intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes have never been convicted fo DUI. Majority of alcohol-related traffic accidents are caused by individuals who have not been identified as problem drinkers.

What is the Latin name for wine?

Aqua vitae: water of life Studied and used in the treatment of many illnesses.

In person who drinks alcohol heavily over long period, the activity of metabolic enzymes increases.

As long as there is alcohol in the system, alcohol gets preferential treatment and the metabolism of other drugs is slower than normal. When heavy alcohol use stops and alcohol has disappeared from body, the high activity level of the enzymes continues for four to eight weeks. During this time, other drugs are metabolized MORE QUICKLY. It is necessary to administer less drug to a chronic heavy drinker and more drug to one who has recently stopped drinking.

Alcohol-related traffic crash fatalities have declined from 60% to 40% now.

BAC of 0.08% increases risk of getting involved in fatal crash by 3 times. BAC of 0.10% increases risk by about 5 times.

Anheuser-Busch

Based in St. Louis Acquired by Belgian InBev, which had previously acquired large brewing operations in both Brazil and China WORLD'S LARGEST BEER MAKER Makes 5 of top 10 brands Sells almost half of all U.S. beer. Top two brands are Bud Light and Budweiser, which account for almost 30% of total beer market.

How is French champagne made?

Because CO2 is produced during fermentation, it is possible to produce naturally carbonated sparkling wines by adding small amount of sugar as wine is bottled and then keeping the bottle tightly corked.

What is typical alcohol percentage of commercial distilled beverages?

Between 40% and 50% 80 to 100 proof

BAC gives a good estimate fo the alcohol concentration in the brain, and the concentration of alcohol in the breath gives a good estimate fo the alcohol concentration in the blood.

Blood concentration is about 2100 times the concentration in the breath.

Miller brewing compnay

Bought by London corporation SAB.

Intricately interwoven with Prohibition was a middle-class, rural, Protestant, evangelical concern that the good and true life was being undermined by ethnic groups with different reltion and lower stand of living and morality.

Can be credited for strengthening political power of women's groups, such as WCTU.

Scotch and Canadian whiskeys are lighter than American whiskey, which means lighter in colora nd less heavy in taste

Canadian and Scotch whiskeys are typically blended whiskeys, made from about two-thirds straight whisky and one-third grain neutral spirits.

Causes of alcohol abuse

Cognitive - alcohol provides social excuse for behaving in ways that would otherwise be considered inappropriate. Genetic

At lowest effect blood levels

Complex, abstract, and poorly learned behaviors are disrupted.

Grain neutral spirits and congeners

Contain very few congeners and none of the flavor of the grains used.

Malt

Contains enzymes that convert starch into sugar. Used on cereal grains, which contain starch instead of sugar; primary grain is barley in American beer.

Largest-selling imported beer

Corona from Mexico Followed by Dutch Heineken

Increase in urine flow

Decrease output of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Effect of alcohol

Dilation of peripheral blood vessels; increases heat loss from body but makes drinker feel warm. Argues against giving alcohol to individuals in shock or extreme cold.

How do you obtain alcohol concentrations above 15%?

Distillation

Alcohol metabolizes slowly, which gives alcohol a long duration of action that cannot be controlled.

Dose effective in surgical anesthesia is not much lower than the dose that causes respiratory arrest and death. Alcohol makes blood slower to clot.

Detoxification

Early treatment stage in which body eliminates the blood or other substance.

Alcohol metabolism

Enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is converted by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid.

What did the Europeans distill their wine into?

Europeans distilled wine into brandywine. Irish and Scots distilled their malted-grain beverages (beer) into whiskey.

Distillation

Evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with higher alcohol content. Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water, so there is a higher percentage of alcohol in the distillate than there was in the original solution.

How to label sweet champagnes

Extra dry (not dry like extraordinary)

Fatty liver

Fatty acids accumulate in liver because alcohol is used as fuel instead of fatty acids. Before the liver cells die, a fatty liver is completely reversible and usually of minor medical concern.

Alcohol appears to enhance interest in sex but to impair physiological arousal in both sexes

Fetal alcohol syndrome is seen in about 3% of babies whose mothers drink heavily.

Generally low consumption in southern states

Generally higher consumption in western states

Balanced placebo design

Half the study participants are given mixed drinks that contain alcohol, while the other half get similar-tasting drinks without alcohol. EACH GROUP IS DIVIDED IN HALF, with some being told they are getting alochol and others being told they are testing a nonalcohol drink.

Generic wines

Have names taken from European land areas where original wines were produced Blended wines made from whatever grapes are available, and during processing they are made to taste something like traditional European wines from those regions.

Temperance

Idea that people should drink beer or wine in moderation but drink no hard liquor. Rush and followers proposed that everyone shold avoid distilled spirits entirely.

Sherry

If enough brandy is added to wine, fermentation will stop and the wine will not spoil. Sealing the wine in charred oak casks for aging further refines its taste. Have alcohol content near 20%.

BAC for DUI conviction decreased from 0.10 to 0.08.

If you are going to drink and want ot remain in reasonable control of your faculties, you should stay below 0.05%.

If you drink one drink every 2 hours, your BAC will still constant.

If you drink faster than one drink every 2 hours, your BAC will climb.

Alcoholic hepatitis

Includes both inflammation and impairment of liver function. Usually occurs in areas of liver where cells are dead and dying

Acetaldehyde

Is quite toxic.

Prohibition

Laws prohibiting all sales of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. It worked. Reduced overall alcohol intake. Hospital admissions for alcohol dependence and deaths from alcohol declined sharply at beginning. Prohibition laws were increasingly violated, and the rates of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related deaths began to increase.

Into the process goes whatever grain is available at a cheap price and tank loads of corn syrup or other sources of sugars.

Out the other end come grain neutral spirits.

Alcoholic dementia

Overall loss of brain tissue; global decline of intellect

Blackout

Periods during alcohol use in which the drinking individual appears to function normally but later, when the individual is sober, he or she cannot recall any events that occurred during that period.

Alcohol taken with or after a meal is absorbed more slowly.

Plain water slows absorption by decreasing concentration but carbonated liquids speed it up. Carbon dioxice acts to move everything quite rapidly through stomach to small intestine. Champagne has faster onset of action than noncarbonated wine.

Fermentation

Production of alcohol from sugars THROUGH ACTION OF YEASTS. Glucose is converted into ethanol

58% of males 46% of females report current (past month) drinking.

Proportion of drinkers was about 10% higher among 18 to 22 year old college students than among others of that age. 63% v. 52% Since 2002 there has been a slight increase among college students in rate of binge drinking and of driving after drinking.

Light beers

Sales grew dramatically during 1990s. Make up 6 of top 10 brands.

Blush wines

Skins are left in crushed red grapes for a short while, resulting in slightly pink wine.

Women absorb greater proportion of alcohol they drink than men.

Some alcohol metabolism occurs in stomach, where enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is present. This enzyme is more active in men than in women

Alcohol and neurotransmitters

Starting at low doses, alcohol enhances effects of GABA and GABA-A. At higher doses, alcohol also blocks the effects of glutamate. Also produces a variety of effects on dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.

Many of the effects on social behavior (increased laughter, talkativeness, flirtation) are strongly influenced by expectancy even when no alcohol has been consumed.

Such things as impairment in reaction times and driving simulators result from actual alcohol consumption even when the participant is not aware of the alcohol in the drink.

Dry v. sweet wines

Sweeter wines have heavier taste overall

Immune system in chronic alcohol abusers

TB, pneumonia, yellow fever, cholera, and hepatitis B, AIDS

Number of U.S. brewers.

Two years after Prohibition ended there were 750 U.S. brewers, but by 1941 that number dwindled to 507. Traditional berwers have closed, consolidated, or been acquired by larger companies. In 2006, there were only 20 of traditional breweries still in operation.

Hangover

Upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety. Symptoms of withdrawal from short or long-term dependence on alcohol.

Whiskey

Usually distilled at lower proof, so distillate contains more congeners and some of the flavor of the grain is used. Accumulates congeners during first five years, and congeners and grain used provide variation in taste among whiskeys.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Wernicke's is associated with deficiency of vitamin B1; symptoms include confusion, ataxia, and abnormal eye movements. Korsakoff's 's psychosis is characterized by inability to remember recent events or to learn new information; mostly irreversible

Most people tend to agree that alcohol enhances or disinhibits sexuality.

When a date rape scene is described to either men or women, less blame is assigned to the perpetrator if he has been described as drinking before the rape, and more blame is assigned to the victim if she has been described as drinking.

What standard alcohol content in wine?

While up to 15% is poosible, in practice standard alcohol content for wine is 12%.

Most fruits including grapes, contain sugar, and addition of appropriate yeast to a mixture of crushed grapes and water will begin fermentation process.

Yeast has only limited alcohol tolerance; when concentration reaches 15%, yeast dies and fermentation stops.

Proof at which distillation is carried out influences ____

taste and other characteristics of liquor.

Most significant date rape drug is

alcohol

Delirium tremens

alcohol withdrawal symptom that includes hallucinations and tremors

As alcohol dose increases,

better learned and simpler behaviors are also affected. Inhibitions can be reduced; decreased inhibition of behavior

Chronic abusers

develop variety of hormone-related disorders.

If alcohol intake is just right

most people experience euphoria, a happy feeling Because of reduction in anxieties as a result of the disruption of normal critical thinking.

Standard drink contains

0,5 ounce of absolute alcohol.

Vomiting reflex is triggered by BAC above

0.12% Vomiting reflex is inhibited above 0.20% or so; possible to then continue drinking AND REACH LETHAL CONCENTRATIONS

Alccohol is removed by liver at constant rate of

0.25 to 0.30 ounce of ethanol per hour

Taxes on alcohol produce about ___ percent of IRS collections

1% More than half the customer's cost for average bottle of distilled spirits is taxes.

Prohibition is repealed

Alcohol taxes had been one of the primary souces of federal government revenue. America's wealthiest men wanted to repeal prohibition so that income taxes could be reduced. Feared that publicized disrespect for Prohibition encouraged sense of lawlessness.

What are the two broad types of beer?

Ale and lager

Alcohol is involved in about

1/3 of all suicides Strong relationship between alcohol abuse and depression

Alcohol does not distrbute into fatty tissues

180-pound lean person will have lower BAC than 180-pound fat person who drinks same amount of alcohol.

Before 1970 During 1970s 1980s

21 18 0r 19 in 30 states 21

How much alochol does typical American commercial beer contain?

4% because grains used for making beer contain less sugar content.

Despite increased appetite for foreign beers, imports still represent only about ____ of total U.S. sales

7%

More than ____ of alcohol is metabolized in _____ A small amount of alcohol _____ is normally excreted unchanged

90%; liver less than 2%

Today's standard product from many large commercial distilleries is ___ percent pure ethanol

95% (190 proof)

Alcohol's primary metabolite

Acetaldehyde Can irritate and damage tissue directly.

Alcohol induces a kind of social and behavioral myopia, or nearsightedness.

After drinking, people tend to focus more on the here adn onw and to pay less attention to peripheral people and activities and to long-term consequences.

Overall alcohol consumption rose through most of the 1970s and peaked in 1981.

Alcohol consumption has been declining. Spirits Wine

Alcoholics Anonymous

Alcohol dependence is progressive disease characterized by loss of control over drinking

Moderate drinkers have less heart attacks than abstainers.

Alcohol increases HDL, some of which seem to protect against high blood pressure.

Upset stomach

Alcohol is gastric irritant. Acetaldehyde can contribute to nausea and headache.

17-year-olds in Sweden and other northern European countries were five times as likely to report having been drunk, compared to 17-year-olds in Italy, France, and Greece.

Luxembourg, France, Ireland, and Italy are all among top countries for total per capita alcohol consumption, but drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems vary considerably among these countries.

Beer

Made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains, such as ground corn or rice. Enzymes in malt change starches in grains into sugar. Hops (dried blossoms from only female hop plant) are added with the yeast to give beer its distinctive, pungent flavor.

Liquors or cordials

Made from brandy mixed with flavorings from herbs, berries, or nuts. Usually about 20 to 25 percent alcohol

Red wines

Made from red grapes by leaving skins in crushed grapes while they ferment.

Gin

Made from straight grain neutral spirits (distilled). Tastes like medicine Forms basis for martini.

White wine

Made from white grapes. Red grapes can be used if skins are removed before fermentation

Ale

Made using top-fermenting yeast and slightly warmer temperatures, and shorter fermentation time. Have stronger taste

First state to pass prohibition law.

Maine

Microbreweries

Make beer for sale only on premises. Now over 1,500 of them Make up less than 5% of all beer consumed in U.S.

How to produce light beer with fewer calories and less alcohol

Mash is fermented at cooler temperature for longer time so that more of the sugars are converted to alcohol. Then, the alcohol content is adjusted by adding water. Beverage has considerably less sugar and only a bit less alcohol. Have 10 Percent less alcohol and 25 to 30 percent fewer calories.

What was the oldest alcoholic beverage?

Mead; made from honey

Proof

Measure of a beverage's alcohol content; TWICE THE ALCOHOL PERCENTAGE. Alcohol percentage of 57% causes gunpowder ignition.

Blood alcohol concentration

Measure of concentration of alcohol in blood. Expressed in grams per 100 mL (percentage).

Irish and Russian cultures are associated with heavy drinking, especially of distilled spirits, and with high rates of intoxication and alcohol-related problems.

Mediterranean countries like Italy and Sapin have been characterized by wine consumption, often in a family environment and associated with meals

Use of alcohol is linked with risky sexual behavior and increased likelihood of sexual assault.

Men with high BACs are unable to attain or maintain an erection, and chronic alcohol abuse can lead to more permanent impotence in men.

Coors

Merged with with Canadian brewer Molson

18th Prohibition amendment

Mississippi was first to ratify; Nebraska last Came into effect a year after all states ratified it. Organized crime became both more organized and vastly more profitable as result of Prohibition.

Vodka

Mixture of grain neutral spirits and water.

Acute alcohol-related problems cause more than 20,000 deaths.

More than 1,000 peple die from alcohol poisoning.

Lager

Most of beer in America is lager. From yeasts that work as bottom fermenters, cool temperatures, and slower fermentation. Have lighter taste.

Cancers

Mouth, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, colon, rectum Alcohol somewhat suppresses immune system

Varietals

Named after one variety of grape, which by law must make up at least 51% of grapes used in production. More expensive than generics.

States with highest per capita alcohol sales

Nevada and New Hampshire

At time of America's revolution in late 1700s, most Americans drank alcoholic beverages and were okay with it.

New view of alcohol as the cause of serious problems emerged soon after Revolution.

Whites are more likely to drink than blacks. Northerners more than southerners. Younger adults more than older Catholics and Jews more than Protestants

Nonreligious more than religious Urban more than rural. Large-city dwellers more than small-city residents College-educated people more than those with only a high school or grade school education

Benjamin Rush

Noticed relationship between heavy drinking and jaundice, madness, delirium tremens, and epilepsy. Concluded that hard liquor damaged morality; cause-effect relationship. Introduced for first time the concept of addiction to a psychoactive substance (disease). Recommended total abstinence from alcohol for those who were problem drinkers.

Alcohol-related fatalities are more likely to be part of single-vehicle fatalities rather than multiple-vehicle fatalities.

Occur more often during dark hours and over weekends. Occuring between midnight and 3AM

Congeners

Other alcohols and oils contained in alcoholic beverages. Formed when alcohol is formed. Present in very small amounts, and some of them are toxic.

Cirrhosis

Takes about 10 yeras of steady drinking of the equivalent of a pint or more of whiskey a day. Seventh leading cause of death. Liver cells are replaced by fibrous tissue (collagen), which changes structure of liver. Irreversible, frequently deadly liver disorder associated with heavy alcohol use. Structure changes decrease blood flow and result in decreased ability of liver to function.

After prohibition, each state has since had its own means of regulating alcohol.

Temperance sentiment that beer was safer beverage continued to influence policy. Beer containing no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight was allowed as a nontoxicating beverage.

Disruptive, drunken behavior became increasingly associated in the public's mind with the new wave of immigrants.

Temperance workers now advocated total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages.

Relationships between BAC and behavioral change

The more rapid the BAC increases, the greater the behavioral effects. A higher BAC is necessary to impair the performance of a chronic, heavy drinker than to impair a moderate drinker's performance.

That such large price increases resulted in farily modest declines in purchases might indicate that very large tax increases would be needed if part of the goal were to reduce alcohol intake significantly.

These taxes have not changed since 1991.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

facial and developmental abnormalities associated with mother's alcohol use during pregnancy. Growth retardation Abnormal facial features CNS abnormality: behavior, mental retardation

Today's Scotch whisky is distilled from

fermented barley malt (a strong beer).

Heavy alcohol use is associated with increased mortality resulting from

heart disease Damage to heart muscle (cardiomyopathy). Coronery artery disease High blood pressure and strokes

Death resulting from acute alcohol intoxication usually is the result of

respiratory failure when the medulla is depressed.

Some alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, but the ______ is responsible for most absorption

small intestine

Thirst caused by

suppression of ADH and cellular dehydration in which alcohol causes fluid inside cells to move outside the cells.