Chapter 9

Partial Replacement Model

Anatomical moderns arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years. Some populations that left Africa encountered Neandertals and interbred with them.

What were the upper paleolithic tool technologies? Include types of tools utilized, manufacture techniques, and material types.

Pressure flaking was used to press small flakes as the final step in stone tool making. Spear throwers added to the efficiency of the spear as a hunting tool. Bow and arrow was invented!! :) Techniques include: The Solutrean Bifaces of Europe were made using the pressure technique. Tools such as eyed needles and harpoons began to be manufactured out of bone as well.

Recent African Origins Hypothesis (Out of Africa Theory) include time frame, location in world, hominids involved, and last common ancestor of all modern humans.

The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world. A new population of modern homo sapiens evolved only in Africa almost 200,000 years ago. Results suggest that mitochondrial DNA of all living humans could be traced back to a "mitochondrial eve" who lived in Africa some 200,00 years ago. Also the complete replacement model.

Multiregional hypothesis

The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from homo erectus to homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world. (Multiregional evolution)