Chapter 9 Pathophysiology

Bile

Bile is secreted by liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Alcoholic cirrhosis is also called portal, Laennec, or fatty nutritional cirrhosis

Peptic ulcers

Antibiotic therapy, along with acid reducers, is required to reduce the rate of peptic ulcers relapse.

Clay

Because bile is not secreted into the duodenum with cirrhosis, stools are clay colored

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of human or animal intestines.

Esophageal varices

Esophageal varices mainly affect alcoholics and those with cirrhosis of the liver.

Esophagitis

Esophagitis causes burning chest pains, "heartburn," which can resemble the pain of heart disease.

Peritonitis

Peritonitis, inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, usually results when digestive enzymes enter the cavity.

Duodenum

Most digestion occurs in the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum

diverticulitis

A barium swallow would be used to diagnose diverticulitis

Cirrhosis

A characteristic symptom of cirrhosis is distention of the abdomen caused by accumulation of fluids in the peritoneal cavity.

Adhesion

A(n) adhesion occurs when there is linking of two surfaces by fibrous scars.

Hiatal or inquinal hernia

A(n) hiatal or inquinal hernia occurs when the intestine pinches as it protrudes through muscle of the body wall.

Intussusception

A(n) intussusception occurs when a segment of the intestine telescopes into the part forward of it.

Volvulus

A(n) volvulus occurs when the intestine twists upon itself.

A chest x-ray or EGD

Diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is based on a chest x-ray or EGD

Diarrhea

Diarrhea results when the contents of the small intestine are rushed through the large intestine.

Infectious

Dysentery is an infectious disease with acute inflammation of the colon.

Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin injections provide temporary protection against Hepatitis A for people exposed to it

Fat

In patients with cholecystitis, the presence of fat in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder to contract, which causes pain.

Gallstones

Inflammation of the gallbladder is usually associated with gallstones

Paralytic or functional

Intestinal obstructions in which there is a decrease in peristalsis are closed paralytic or functional

Intrinsic factor

Intrinsic factor is required for absorption of B 12

Liver

Jaundice is frequently associated with liver disease.

Ulcerative colitis

The appearance of a straight and rigid "pipestem colon" is characteristics of ulcerative colitis

Bleeding

The most serious danger in esophageal varices is bleeding

Infancy

The onset of celiac disease usually occurs in infancy.

Under the right rib cage

The pain associated with cholecystitis occurs under the right rib cage

Lower right

The pain of regional enteritis occurs in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, where a tender mass may be felt.

Appendicitis

The pain of regional enteritis resembles that of appendicitis

GERD

The painful symptoms of GERD frequently occur at night when the body is horizontal and relaxed.

medulla

The presence of irritants in the stomach stimulate sensory nerve fibers, and the message is conveyed to the vomiting center in the medulla of the brain.

Inflammation

The signs and symptoms of regional enteritis are related to inflammation

ulcerative colitis

The typical symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus in the stool.

Cecum

The worm-like shape of the appendix is located on the cecum.

Celiac disease

Treatment for Celiac disease involves elimination of gluten from the diet.

Younger adults, especially female

Ulcerative colitis occurs primarily in younger adults, especially female

Alcohol and/ or tobacco use

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main causes of peptic ulcers?

Hemorrhoids

Causes of hemorrhoids including heredity, poor dietary habits, inadequate fiber, overuse of laxatives, and lack of exercise.

Celiac disease

Celiac disease is diagnosed by the signs and symptoms as well as a biopsy of the small intestine.

Slowly and tends to remain localized

Colorectal cancer grows slowly and tends to remain localized

Ultrasound and x-ray

Gallstones can be diagnosed and located by ultrasound and x-ray

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A was formally called infectious hepatitis.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B was formerly called serum hepatitis.

D

Hepatitis D is the least form of hepatitis.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis D virus is described as a defective virus because it cannot reproduce in a cell unless the cell is also affected with hepatitis B

inflammatory

Regional enteritis is an inflammatory disease of the intestine.

Colon

Regional enteritis most frequently affects the colon

Stomatitis

Stomatitis occurs mostly among those with risk factors such as immune deficiency and long-term antibiotic use.

Pyloric

chyme passes from the stomach into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter