Chapter 9 Pathophysiology
Bile
Bile is secreted by liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Alcoholic cirrhosis is also called portal, Laennec, or fatty nutritional cirrhosis
Peptic ulcers
Antibiotic therapy, along with acid reducers, is required to reduce the rate of peptic ulcers relapse.
Clay
Because bile is not secreted into the duodenum with cirrhosis, stools are clay colored
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of human or animal intestines.
Esophageal varices
Esophageal varices mainly affect alcoholics and those with cirrhosis of the liver.
Esophagitis
Esophagitis causes burning chest pains, "heartburn," which can resemble the pain of heart disease.
Peritonitis
Peritonitis, inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, usually results when digestive enzymes enter the cavity.
Duodenum
Most digestion occurs in the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum
diverticulitis
A barium swallow would be used to diagnose diverticulitis
Cirrhosis
A characteristic symptom of cirrhosis is distention of the abdomen caused by accumulation of fluids in the peritoneal cavity.
Adhesion
A(n) adhesion occurs when there is linking of two surfaces by fibrous scars.
Hiatal or inquinal hernia
A(n) hiatal or inquinal hernia occurs when the intestine pinches as it protrudes through muscle of the body wall.
Intussusception
A(n) intussusception occurs when a segment of the intestine telescopes into the part forward of it.
Volvulus
A(n) volvulus occurs when the intestine twists upon itself.
A chest x-ray or EGD
Diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is based on a chest x-ray or EGD
Diarrhea
Diarrhea results when the contents of the small intestine are rushed through the large intestine.
Infectious
Dysentery is an infectious disease with acute inflammation of the colon.
Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin injections provide temporary protection against Hepatitis A for people exposed to it
Fat
In patients with cholecystitis, the presence of fat in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder to contract, which causes pain.
Gallstones
Inflammation of the gallbladder is usually associated with gallstones
Paralytic or functional
Intestinal obstructions in which there is a decrease in peristalsis are closed paralytic or functional
Intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is required for absorption of B 12
Liver
Jaundice is frequently associated with liver disease.
Ulcerative colitis
The appearance of a straight and rigid "pipestem colon" is characteristics of ulcerative colitis
Bleeding
The most serious danger in esophageal varices is bleeding
Infancy
The onset of celiac disease usually occurs in infancy.
Under the right rib cage
The pain associated with cholecystitis occurs under the right rib cage
Lower right
The pain of regional enteritis occurs in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, where a tender mass may be felt.
Appendicitis
The pain of regional enteritis resembles that of appendicitis
GERD
The painful symptoms of GERD frequently occur at night when the body is horizontal and relaxed.
medulla
The presence of irritants in the stomach stimulate sensory nerve fibers, and the message is conveyed to the vomiting center in the medulla of the brain.
Inflammation
The signs and symptoms of regional enteritis are related to inflammation
ulcerative colitis
The typical symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus in the stool.
Cecum
The worm-like shape of the appendix is located on the cecum.
Celiac disease
Treatment for Celiac disease involves elimination of gluten from the diet.
Younger adults, especially female
Ulcerative colitis occurs primarily in younger adults, especially female
Alcohol and/ or tobacco use
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main causes of peptic ulcers?
Hemorrhoids
Causes of hemorrhoids including heredity, poor dietary habits, inadequate fiber, overuse of laxatives, and lack of exercise.
Celiac disease
Celiac disease is diagnosed by the signs and symptoms as well as a biopsy of the small intestine.
Slowly and tends to remain localized
Colorectal cancer grows slowly and tends to remain localized
Ultrasound and x-ray
Gallstones can be diagnosed and located by ultrasound and x-ray
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A was formally called infectious hepatitis.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B was formerly called serum hepatitis.
D
Hepatitis D is the least form of hepatitis.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis D virus is described as a defective virus because it cannot reproduce in a cell unless the cell is also affected with hepatitis B
inflammatory
Regional enteritis is an inflammatory disease of the intestine.
Colon
Regional enteritis most frequently affects the colon
Stomatitis
Stomatitis occurs mostly among those with risk factors such as immune deficiency and long-term antibiotic use.
Pyloric
chyme passes from the stomach into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter