Chapter 9 Post Test
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
abused
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
moro reflex
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
motor
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
others have false beliefs
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
physical
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
concrete operational
Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
assimilation
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
disorganized
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
fine
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
postformal
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
psychosocial
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
what is normal development
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs. guilt
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs. despair
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
resistant
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
schemata
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
Ego identity is our ________.
sense of self
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
sensorimotor
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
teratogen
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
