Chapter 9 quiz

Define escape conditioning. Provide an example.

is when you perform behavior to terminate an ongoing, unpleasant, aversive stimulus. Ex: A little kid crying every time he/she sees broccoli getting pulled out of the fridge, trying to escape from any interaction with the broccoli.

Fill in the blank. A dog treat is a _____ reinforcer.

POSITIVE

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Well Operant Conditioning is learning from the consequences of behavior.

Fill in the blank. The neutral stimulus always becomes the ___ __ after conditioning

Controlled Stimulus (CS)

Fill in the blank. The removal of an unpleasant consequence _____the behavior frequency.

DECREASES

What is discrimination in terms of classical conditioning? State an example.

Discrimination - ability to respond differently to different stimuli Example: trains dog only with circle, not oval.

Give an example of negative reinforcement.

Example: spanking a child for a misbehavior.

Give two examples of primary reinforcers.

Examples: hunger, thirst or sleep.

Give two examples of secondary reinforcers.

Examples: money, status, privilege, praise, prestige

Give an example of generalization

Generalization- when an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original stimulus without being conditioned to do so. Example: a dog conditioned to the sight of a circle, does the same thing when he sees an oval.

Classical conditioning involves a(n) ____behavior.

INVOULANTARY

Fill in the blank. A conditioned response is _____.

Learned.

Define operant conditioning.

Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the occurrence of the behavior.

What famous experiment did Ivan Pavlov utilize in order to display the effects of classical conditioning? Describe in detail the experiment and identify the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR.

Pavlov began by ringing a bell and then placing meat powder on the dog's tongue. The bell was a neutral stimulus. In the experiment food was the unconditioned stimulus. The salivation is an unconditioned response = meaning that a dog salivates without any prior training. Under normal conditions, the dog would not salivate when hearing a bell. The dog must be conditioned to associate the sound with food. When this happens it becomes a CONDITIONED RESPONSE. A conditioned response is learned.

Operant conditioning involves a(n) _____ behavior.

VOULANTARY

Fill in the blank. A positive reinforcer is a ______.

REWARD

What is taste aversion? Provide an example.

Taste aversion - occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance. Generally,taste aversion is developed after ingestion of food that causes nausea, sickness, or vomiting. Example:go to a fancy restaurant, eat snails, later you get sick. Now you get ill every time you eat snails because you associate getting sick with eating a new, strange food that previously made you sick.

Create your own example of classical conditioning and then solve it.

When the first kid starts crying because of the pain of the needle piercing through his/her body, all kids down the line start to cry and eventually, every kid on the line is crying even before they see the needle.

How would you use operant conditioning to train a dog to shake hands?

You can give the dog a treat every time the dog shakes your hand, which will cause the dog to continue to learn how and shake your hand for that treat.

Define classical conditioning.

a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus.

What is extinction in terms of classical conditioning? State an example.

gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Example: does not use the bell to signal the food

What is punishment? What are some disadvantages to punishment?

~ A Punishment is An unpleasant consequence occurs and decreases the frequency of a behavior. Some disadvantages are: Punishment does not extinguish an undesirable behavior. Suppresses the behavior when the punishing agent is present. It is likely to continue when the threat of punishment is removed

Provide an example of spontaneous recovery.

~ A student's response to a teachers non-verbal punishment

What is the difference between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning?

~ The difference is that a CS is given before the presentation of an aversive stimulus. Escape Conditioning is A person's behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop, well Avoidance Conditioning is The person's behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening.

What is a neutral stimulus?

~ a stimulus/object that has nothing to do with the response prior to the conditioning

What is reinforcement? What are some examples of reinforcers that people respond to?

~ to strengthen, and refers to anything stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response. Examples: Money, social approval, extra privileges